| [1] | Vitousek PM, Horwarth RW (1991) Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: how can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13: 87–115.
|
| [2] | SanClements MD, Fernandez IJ, Norton SA (2010) Phosphorus in Soils of Temperate Forests: Linkages to Acidity and Aluminum. Soil Science Society of America Journal 74: 2175.
|
| [3] | Groffman PM, Fisk MC (2011) Phosphate additions have no effect on microbial biomass and activity in a northern hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43: 2441–2449.
|
| [4] | Finzi AC (2009) Decades of atmospheric deposition have not resulted in widespread phosphorus limitation or saturation of tree demand for nitrogen in southern New England. Biogeochemistry 92: 217–229.
|
| [5] | Cairney JWG (2011) Ectomycorrhizal fungi: the symbiotic route to the root for phosphorus in forest soils. Plant and Soil 344: 51–71.
|
| [6] | DeForest JL, McCarthy BC (2011) Diminished soil quality in an old-growth mixed mesophytic forest following chronic acid deposition. Northeastern Naturalist 18: 177–184.
|
| [7] | Wood T, Bormann FH, Voight GK (1984) Phosphorus Cycling in a Northern Hardwood Forest: Biological and Chemical Control. Science 223: 391–393.
|
| [8] | Casson NJ, Eimers MC, Watmough SA (2011) An assessment of the nutrient status of sugar maple in Ontario: indications of phosphorus limitation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2390-2.
|
| [9] | DeForest JL, Smemo KA, Burke DJ, Elliott HL, Becker JC (2012) Soil microbial responses to elevated phosphorus and pH in acidic temperate deciduous forests. Biogeochemistry 109: 189–202.
|
| [10] | Vance CP, Uhde-Stone C, Allan DL (2003) Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource. New Phytologist 157: 423–447.
|
| [11] | Smith S, Read D (2008) Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. New York: Academic Press. 787 p.
|
| [12] | Bolan NS (1991) A critical review on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of phosphorus by plants. Plant and Soil 134: 189–207.
|
| [13] | Van Tichelen KK, Colpaert JV (2000) Kinetics of phosphate absorption by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum 110: 96–103.
|
| [14] | Griffiths RP, Baham JE, Caldwell BA (1994) Soil solution chemistry of ectomycorrhizal mats in forest soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 331–337.
|
| [15] | Tuason MMS, Arocena JM (2009) Calcium oxalate biomineralization by Piloderma fallax in response to various levels of calcium and phosphorus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 7079–7085.
|
| [16] | Jongmans AG, van Breemen N, Lundstrom U, van Hees PAW, Finlay RD, et al. (1997) Rock-eating fungi. Nature 389: 682–683.
|
| [17] | Antunes PM, Schneider K, Hillis D, Klironomos JN (2007) Can the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices actively mobilize P from rock phosphates? Pedobiologia 51: 281–286.
|
| [18] | Heijne B, Dam D, Heil G, Bobbink R (1996) Acidification effects on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) infection, growth and nutrient uptake of established heathland herb species. Plant and Soil 179: 197–206.
|
| [19] | Aguilera P, Borie F, Seguel A, Cornejo P (2011) Fluorescence detection of aluminum in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal structures and glomalin using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43: 2427–2431.
|
| [20] | Dighton J, Skeffington R (1987) Effects of artificial acid precipitation on the mycorrhizas of Scots pine seedlings. New Phytologist 107: 191–202.
|
| [21] | Kj？ller R, Clemmensen KE (2009) Belowground ectomycorrhizal fungal communities respond to liming in three southern Swedish coniferous forest stands. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 2217–2225.
|
| [22] | Roth DR, Fahey TJ (1998) The effects of acid precipitation and ozone on the ectomycorrhizae of red spruce seedlings. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 103: 263–276.
|
| [23] | Rudawska M, Kieliszewska-Rokicka B, Leski T, Oleksyn J (1995) Mycorrhizal status of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantation affected by pollution from a phosphate fertilizer plant. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 85: 1281–1286.
|
| [24] | Erland S, So?derstro?m B (1990) Effects of liming on ectomycorrhizal fungi infecting Pinus sylvestris L. I. mycorrhizal infection in limed humus in the laboratory and isolation of fungi from mycorrhizal roots. New Phytologist 115.
|
| [25] | Wallander H, Arnebrant K, ？strand F, K？rén O (1997) Uptake of 15N-labelled alanine, ammonium and nitrate in Pinus sylvestris L. ectomycorrhiza growing in forest soil treated with nitrogen, sulphur or lime. Plant and Soil 195: 329–338.
|
| [26] | Qian XM, Kottke I, Oberwinkler F (1998) Influence of liming and acidification on the activity of the mycorrhizal communities in a Picea abies (L.) Karst. stand. Plant and Soil 199: 99–109.
|
| [27] | Lilleskov EA, Fahey TJ, Horton TR, Lovett GM (2002) Belowground ectomycorrhizal fungal community change over a nitrogen deposition gradient in Alaska. Ecology 83: 104–115.
|
| [28] | Treseder KK (2004) A meta-analysis of mycorrhizal responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, and atmospheric CO2 in field studies. New Phytologist 164: 347–355.
|
| [29] | Van Aarle IM, Olsson PA, S？derstr？m B (2002) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi respond to the substrate pH of their extraradical mycelium by altered growth and root colonization. New Phytologist 155: 173–182.
|
| [30] | Coughlan A, Dalpe Y, Lapointe L, Piche Y (2000) Soil pH-induced changes in root colonization, diversity, and reproduction of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from healthy and declining maple forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 30: 1543–1554.
|
| [31] | Dumbrell AJ, Nelson M, Helgason T, Dytham C, Fitter AH (2010) Relative roles of niche and neutral processes in structuring a soil microbial community. The ISME Journal 4: 337–345.
|
| [32] | Dickie IA, Richardson SJ, Wiser SK (2009) Ectomycorrhizal fungal communities and soil chemistry in harvested and unharvested temperate Nothofagus rainforests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39: 1069–1079.
|
| [33] | Morris MH, Smith ME, Rizzo DM, Rejmánek M, Bledsoe CS (2008) Contrasting ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on the roots of co-occurring oaks (Quercus spp.) in a California woodland. New Phytologist 178: 167–176.
|
| [34] | Baxter JW, Dighton J (2001) Ectomycorrhizal diversity alters growth and nutrient acquisition of grey birch (Betula populifolia) seedlings in host–symbiont culture conditions. New Phytologist 152: 139–149.
|
| [35] | DeForest JL, Scott LG (2010) Available soil phosphorus has an important influence on microbial community composition. Soil Science Society of America Journal 74: 2059–2066.
|
| [36] | DeForest JL (2009) The influence of time, storage temperature, and substrate age on potential soil enzyme activity in acidic forest soils using MUB-linked substrates and l-DOPA. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 1180–1186.
|
| [37] | Agerer R (2002) Color atlas of ectomycorrhizae. Schw？bisch Gmünd, Germany: Einhorn Verlag.
|
| [38] | Burke DJ (2008) Effects of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard; Brassicaceae) on mycorrhizal colonization and community structure in three herbaceous plants in a mixed deciduous forest. American Journal of Botany 95: 1416–1425.
|
| [39] | Helgason T, Daniell TJ, Husband R, Fitter AH, Young JPW (1998) Ploughing up the wood-wide web? Nature 394: 431.
|
| [40] | Simon L, LaLonde M, Bruns TD (1992) Specific amplification of 18S fungal ribosomal genes from vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58: 291–295.
|
| [41] | Avis PG, Feldheim KA (2005) A method to size DNA fragments from 50 to 800 bp on a DNA analyser. Molecular Ecology Notes 5: 969–970.
|
| [42] | Taylor DL, Booth MG, McFarland JW, Herriott IC, Lennon NJ, et al. (2008) Increasing ecological inference from high throughput sequencing of fungi in the environment through a tagging approach. Molecular Ecology Resources 8: 742–752.
|
| [43] | Aponte C, García LV, Mara？ón T, Gardes M (2010) Indirect host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungi: Leaf fall and litter quality explain changes in fungal communities on the roots of co-occurring Mediterranean oaks. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 42: 788–796.
|
| [44] | Drummond A, Ashton B, Cheung M, Heled J, Kearse M, et al.. (2009) Geneious v5.4. Available from http://www.geneious.com/.
|
| [45] | Isayenkov S, Fester T, Hause B (2004) Rapid determination of fungal colonization and arbuscule formation in roots of Medicago truncatula using real-time (RT) PCR. Journal of Plant Physiology 161: 1379–1383.
|
| [46] | Alkan N, Gadkar V, Yarden O, Kapulnik Y (2006) Analysis of quantitative interactions between two species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomus mosseae and G. intraradices, by real-time PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72: 4192–4199.
|
| [47] | Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, Hellemans J, Huggett J, et al. (2009) The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clinical Chemistry 55: 611–622.
|
| [48] | Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Molecular Ecology Notes 2: 113–118.
|
| [49] | White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, T.J White, editors. PCR Protocols – a Guide to Methods and Applications. San Diego, CA Academic Press. 315–322.
|
| [50] | Manter DK, Vivanco JM (2007) Use of the ITS primers, ITS1F and ITS4, to characterize fungal abundance and diversity in mixed-template samples by qPCR and length heterogeneity analysis. Journal of Microbiological Methods 71: 7–14.
|
| [51] | Burke DJ, Lopez-Gutierrez JC, Smemo KA, Chan CR (2009) Vegetation and soil environment influence the spatial distribution of root-associated fungi in a mature beech-maple forest. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 7639–7648.
|
| [52] | R Development Core Team (2010) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
|
| [53] | McCune B, Grace JB (2002) Analysis of Ecological Communities. Glendale Beach, Oregon: MjM Software Design.
|
| [54] | Kluber LA, Smith JE, Myrold DD (2011) Distinctive fungal and bacterial communities are associated with mats formed by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 43: 1042–1050.
|
| [55] | Kourtev PS, Ehrenfeld JG, Haggblom M (2002) Exotic plant species alter the microbial community structure and function in the soil. Ecology 83: 3152–3166.
|
| [56] | Colwell RK (2006) EstimateS: Statistical estimation of species richness and shared species from samples. Version 8: Persistent URL .
|
| [57] | Sinsabaugh RL, M J Klung, H P Collins, P E Yeager, S O Peterson (1999) Characterizing soil microbial communities. In: Robertson GC, DC; Bledsoe, CS; Sollins, P, editor. Standard soil methods for long-term ecological research. New York: Oxford University Press. 318–348.
|
| [58] | Boerner REJ, Brinkman JA, Smith A (2005) Seasonal variations in enzyme activity and organic carbon in soil of a burned and unburned hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 37: 1419–1426.
|
| [59] | Wang GM, Stribley DP, Tinker PB, Walker C (1993) Effects of pH on arbuscular mycorrhiza I. Field observations on the long-term liming experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn. New Phytologist 124: 465–472.
|
| [60] | Avis PG, Dickie IA, Mueller GM (2006) A dirty business: testing the limitations of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis of soil fungi. Molecular Ecology 15: 873–882.
|
| [61] | Miller M, McGonigle T, Addy H (1995) Functional ecology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas as influenced by phosphate fertilization and tillage in an agricultural ecosystem. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 15: 241–255.
|
| [62] | Ouimet R, Camire C, Furlan V (1995) Endomycorrhizal status of sugar maple in relation to tree decline and foliar, fine-roots, and soil chemistry in the Beauce region, Quebec. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1168–1175.
|
| [63] | Juice S, Fahey T, Siccama T, Driscoll C, Denny E, et al. (2006) Response of sugar maple to calcium addition to northern hardwood forest. Ecology 87: 1267–1280.
|
| [64] | Avis PG, McLaughlin DJ, Dentinger BC, Reich PB (2003) Long-term increase in nitrogen supply alters above- and below-ground ectomycorrhizal communities and increases the dominance of Russula spp. in a temperate oak savanna. New Phytologist 160: 239–253.
|
| [65] | Kj？ller R, Nilsson LO, Hansen K, Schmidt IK, Vesterdal L, et al. (2012) Dramatic changes in ectomycorrhizal community composition, root tip abundance and mycelial production along a stand-scale nitrogen deposition gradient. New phytologist 194: 278–286.
|
| [66] | Rineau F, Maurice J-P, Nys C, Voiry H, Garbaye J (2010) Forest liming durably impact the communities of ectomycorrhizas and fungal epigeous fruiting bodies. Annals of Forest Science 67: 110–110.
|
| [67] | Hung L-L, Trappe JM (1983) Growth variation between and within species of ectomycorrhizal fungi in response to pH in vitro. Mycologia 75: 234–241.
|
| [68] | García-Montero LG, Quintana A, Valverde-Asenjo I, Díaz P (2009) Calcareous amendments in truffle culture: A soil nutrition hypothesis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 1227–1232.
|
