The application of digital holography as a viable solution to 3D capture and display technology is examined. A review of the current state of the field is presented in which some of the major challenges involved in a digital holographic solution are highlighted. These challenges include (i) the removal of the DC and conjugate image terms, which are features of the holographic recording process, (ii) the reduction of speckle noise, a characteristic of a coherent imaging process, (iii) increasing the angular range of perspective of digital holograms (iv) and replaying captured and/or processed digital holograms using spatial light modulators. Each of these challenges are examined theoretically and several solutions are put forward. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the validity of the theoretical solutions. 1. Introduction 3D display systems generate a great deal of public interest. The idea that any event, ranging from the trivial to the momentous, could somehow be fully recorded and the 3D scene replayed at a later time for an audience in another location is highly desirable. However, current technologies are far from this futuristic conception of 3D technology. Nevertheless recent improvements in 3D display and capture technologies have led the way for plausible pseudo-3D scenes to be recorded allowing the user to avail of a realistic 3D experience. Consider for example the development of cinema, film, TV and computer gaming over the past 30 years. Entertainment industries are constantly pushing for better 3D experiences. Whether new technologies or approaches provide a suitably realistic 3D experiences, one must consider the human perception dimension to the problem, for a more complete account we refer the reader to Chapter 17 of [1]. The consistent and continuous improvement in the quality of the sound and special effects in films is noticeably apparent. Perhaps this is even more dramatically underlined in computer gaming when one compares the improvement in graphics over the past three decades. Future improvements in 3D technology are being prepared by major players in the industry; Both Dreamworks Animation and Pixar have stated their intention to release all future films in 3D; there is an increase in the number of 3D cinemas being constructed; public screenings of 3D football matches, and so forth, are being shown in an attempt to increase public awareness of 3D technology [2]. So the question arises, how will 3D cinema translate to 3D TV? It is a problem of content, in part, however as more people experience 3D cinema the
References
[1]
H. M. Ozaktas and L. Onural, Three-Dimensional Television, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2008.
[2]
R. Millman, “3D digital imax cinemas open for business,” December 2008.
[3]
N. A. Dodgson, “Autostereoscopic 3D displays,” Computer, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 31–36, 2005.
[4]
N. A. Dodgson, “Analysis of the viewing zone of the Cambridge autostereoscopic display,” Applied Optics, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1705–1710, 1996.
[5]
D. Gabor, “A new microscopic principle,” Nature, vol. 161, no. 4098, pp. 777–778, 1948.
[6]
T. M. Kreis, M. Adams, and W. P. O. Jüptner, “Methods of digital holography: a comparison,” in Optical Inspection and Micromeasurements II, vol. 3098 of Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 224–233, Munich, Germany, June 1997.
[7]
T. M. Kreis, “Frequency analysis of digital holography,” Optical Engineering, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 771–778, 2002.
[8]
T. M. Kreis, “Frequency analysis of digital holography with reconstruction by convolution,” Optical Engineering, vol. 41, no. 8, pp. 1829–1839, 2002.
[9]
T. M. Kreis and W. P. O. Jüptner, “Suppression of the DC term in digital holography,” Optical Engineering, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 2357–2360, 1997.
[10]
D. P. Kelly, B. M. Hennelly, N. Pandey, T. J. Naughton, and W. T. Rhodes, “Resolution limits in practical digital holographic systems,” Optical Engineering, vol. 48, no. 9, Article ID 095801, 13 pages, 2009.
[11]
A. Michalkiewicz, M. Kujawinska, J. Krezel, L. Sa？but, X. Wang, and P. J. Bos, “Phase manipulation and optoelectronic reconstruction of digital holograms by means of LCOS spatial light modulator,” in Eighth International Symposium on Laser Metrology, vol. 5776 of Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 144–152, Merida, Mexico, February 2005.
[12]
U. Gopinathan, D. S. Monaghan, B. M. Hennelly, et al., “A projection system for real world three-dimensional objects using spatial light modulators,” Journal of Display Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 254–261, 2008.
[13]
D. S. Monaghan, U. Gopinathan, D. P. Kelly, T. J. Naughton, and J. T. Sheridan, “Systematic errors of an optical encryption system due to the discrete values of a spatial light modulator,” Optical Engineering, vol. 48, Article ID 027001, 7 pages, 2009.
[14]
O. Schnars and W. P. Jüptner, “Direct recording of holograms by a CCD target and numerical reconstruction,” Applied Optics, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 179–181, 1994.
[15]
U. Schnars and W. P. Jüptner, “Digital recording and numerical reconstruction of holograms,” Measurement Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. R85–R101, 2002.
[16]
U. Schnars and W. P. Jüptner, Digital Holography: Digital Recording, Numerical Reconstruction and Related Techniques, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2005.
[17]
J. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 1966.
[18]
R. Bracewell, The Fourier Transform and Its Applications, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 1965.
[19]
D. P. Kelly, B. M. Hennelly, W. T. Rhodes, and J. T. Sheridan, “Analytical and numerical analysis of linear optical systems,” Optical Engineering, vol. 45, no. 8, Article ID 088201, 12 pages, 2006.
[20]
B. M. Hennelly and J. T. Sheridan, “Generalizing, optimizing, and inventing numerical algorithms for the fractional Fourier, Fresnel, and linear canonical transforms,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 917–927, 2005.
[21]
C. McElhinney, B. M. Hennelly, L. Ahrenberg, and T. J. Naughton, “Removing the twin image in digital holography by segmented filtering of in-focus twin image,” in Optics and Photonics for Information Processing II, vol. 7072 of Proceedings of SPIE, San Diego, Calif, USA, August 2008.
[22]
T. Latychevskaia and H.-W. Fink, “Solution to the twin image problem in holography,” Physical Review Letters, vol. 98, no. 23, Article ID 233901, 4 pages, 2007.
[23]
I. Yamaguchi and T. Zhang, “Phase-shifting digital holography,” Optics Letters, vol. 22, no. 16, pp. 1268–1270, 1997.
[24]
Y.-Y. Cheng and J. C. Wyant, “Phase shifter calibration in phase-shifting interferometry,” Applied Optics, vol. 24, pp. 3049–3052, 1985.
[25]
I. Yamaguchi, J.-I. Kato, S. Ohta, and J. Mizuno, “Image formation in phase-shifting digital holography and applications to microscopy,” Applied Optics, vol. 40, no. 34, pp. 6177–6186, 2001.
[26]
T. Colomb, F. Montfort, J. Kühn, et al., “Numerical parametric lens for shifting, magnification, and complete aberration compensation in digital holographic microscopy,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 3177–3190, 2006.
[27]
S. Grilli, P. Ferraro, S. De Nicola, A. Finizio, G. Pierattini, and R. Meucci, “Whole optical wavefields reconstruction by digital holography,” Optics Express, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 294–302, 2001.
[28]
J. W. Goodman, Statistical Optics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA, 1985.
[29]
J. W. Goodman, Speckle Phenomena in Optics, Roberts, Englewood, Colo, USA, 2007.
[30]
J. W. Goodman, “Some fundamental properties of speckle,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol. 66, pp. 1145–1150, 1976.
[31]
J. Maycock, B. M. Hennelly, J. B. McDonald, et al., “Reduction of speckle in digital holography by discrete Fourier filtering,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 1617–1622, 2007.
[32]
J. C. Dainty and W. T. Welford, “Reduction of speckle in image plane hologram reconstruction by moving pupils,” Optics Communications, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 289–294, 1971.
[33]
X. Kang, “An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography,” Chinese Optics Letters, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 100–103, 2008.
[34]
T. Nomura, M. Okamura, E. Nitanai, and T. Numata, “Image quality improvement of digital holography by superposition of reconstructed images obtained by multiple wavelengths,” Applied Optics, vol. 47, no. 19, pp. D38–D43, 2008.
[35]
L. Ma, H. Wang, W. Jin, and H. Jin, “Reduction of speckle noise in the reconstructed image of digital hologram,” in Holography and Diffractive Optics III, vol. 6832 of Proceedings of SPIE, Beijing, China, November 2008.
[36]
J. Garcia-Sucerquia, J. H. Herrera Ramírez, and R. Castaneda, “Incoherent recovering of the spatial resolution in digital holography,” Optics Communications, vol. 260, no. 1, pp. 62–67, 2006.
[37]
T. Baumbach, E. Kolenovi？, V. Kebbel, and W. Jüptner, “Improvement of accuracy in digital holography by use of multiple holograms,” Applied Optics, vol. 45, no. 24, pp. 6077–6085, 2006.
[38]
L. Martínez-León and B. Javidi, “Synthetic aperture single-exposure on-axis digital holography,” Optics Express, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 161–169, 2008.
[39]
V. Mico, Z. Zalevsky, P. García-Martínez, and J. García, “Synthetic aperture superresolution with multiple off-axis holograms,” Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 3162–3170, 2006.
[40]
F. Le Clerc, M. Gross, and L. Collot, “Synthetic-aperture experiment in the visible with on-axis digital heterodyne holography,” Optics Letters, vol. 26, no. 20, pp. 1550–1552, 2001.
[41]
R. Binet, J. Colineau, and J.-C. Lehureau, “Short-range synthetic aperture imaging at 633？nm by digital holography,” Applied Optics, vol. 41, no. 23, pp. 4775–4782, 2002.
[42]
B. M. Hennelly, T. J. Naughton, J. B. McDonald, Y. Frauel, and B. Javidi, “A method for superresolution in digital holography,” in Optical Information Systems IV, vol. 6311 of Proceedings of SPIE, San Diego, Calif, USA, August 2006.
[43]
J. H. Massig, “Digital off-axis holography with a synthetic aperture,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, no. 24, pp. 2179–2181, 2002.
[44]
C. Yuan, H. Zhai, and H. Liu, “Angular multiplexing in pulsed digital holography for aperture synthesis,” Optics Letters, vol. 33, no. 20, pp. 2356–2358, 2008.
[45]
W. Osten, T. Baumbach, and W. Jüptner, “Comparative digital holography,” Optics Letters, vol. 27, no. 20, pp. 1764–1766, 2002.
[46]
T. M. Lehtim？ki, K. S？？skilahti, R. N？s？nen, and T. J. Naughton, “Visual perception of digital holograms on autostereoscopic displays,” in Three-Dimensional Imaging, Visualization, and Display, vol. 7329 of Proceedings of SPIE, Orlando, Fla, USA, April 2009.
