There is increasing evidence of association between
particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.
However, the association with the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) event
is less clear. We investigated the effects of short-term particulate matter
exposure on OHCA especially among specific subgroups.The study included
OHCA that occurred in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, France, in 2015. A
time-stratified case-crossover
study design coupled with a conditional logistic regression was used to
evaluate the association between OHCA and particle levels of 10 or 2.5
micrometers or less (PM10 or PM2.5 respectively) measured within the hour of
the arrest up to 5 days before. Susceptible subgroups by sex, age, diabetes
status among OHCA that occurred during non-holiday periods were investigated.In all, 1039 cases were included. Significant associations were found
between OHCA during non-holiday periods and PM2.5 and PM10 exposure four days
before the arrest and on the day of the arrest. The largest OR were found for
the cumulative average twelve hours before the arrest of PM2.5 (OR = 1.17, p = 0.016)
and PM10 (OR = 1.33, p < 0.001). With PM2.5, larger OR with smaller p-values
were generally obtained within the subgroups of men, age 50 to 75 years old and
cases with diabetes.The findings show a significant link between
short-term exposure to particulate matter and OHCA during non-holiday periods,
with susceptible subgroups to PM2.5 (men, age 50 to 75 years old and
diabetics).
Cite this paper
Albert, M. , Lemdani, M. , Cuny, D. , Duriez, P. , Escutnaire, J. , Gueugniaud, P. , Wiel, E. , Hubert, H. and Pompeo, C. D. (2017). A Case Crossover Analysis of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Particulate Matter Air Pollution: Investigation of Specific Subgroups. Open Access Library Journal, 4, e4143. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104143.
Hubert, H., Tazarourte, K., Wiel, E., Zitouni, D., Vilhelm, C., Escutnaire, J., Cassan, P., Gueugniaud, P.-Y., on Behalf of GR-RéAC (2014) Rationale, Methodology, Implementation, and First Results of the French Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry. Prehospital Emergency Care: Official Journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 18, 511-519. https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2014.916024
Chugh, S.S., Reinier, K., Teodorescu, C., Evanado, A., Kehr, E., Samara, M.A., Mariani, R., Gunson, K. and Jui, J. (2008) Epidemiology of Sudden Cardiac Death: Clinical and Research Implications. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 51, 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2008.06.003
Gueugniaud, P.-Y., Bertrand, C., Savary, D. and Hubert, H. (2011) [Cardiac Arrest in France: Why a National Register?]. Presse Médicale (Paris, France: 1983), 40, 634-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2011.02.026
Krahn, A.D., Connolly, S.J., Roberts, R.S., Gent, M., ATMA Investigators (2004) Diminishing Proportional Risk of Sudden Death with Advancing Age: Implications for Prevention of Sudden Death. American Heart Journal, 147, 837-840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2003.12.017
GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, Forouzanfar, M.H., Alexander, L., Anderson, H.R., Bachman, V.F., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Casey, D., Coates, M.M., et al. (2015) Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks in 188 Countries, 1990-2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet (London, England), 386, 2287-2323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2
Bell, M.L., McDermott, A., Zeger, S.L., Samet, J.M. and Dominici, F. (2004) Ozone and Short-Term Mortality in 95 US Urban Communities, 1987-2000. JAMA, 292, 2372-2378. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.19.2372
Forastiere, F., Stafoggia, M., Picciotto, S., Bellander, T., D’Ippoliti, D., Lanki, T., von Klot, S., Nyberg, F., Paatero, P., Peters, A., et al. (2005) A Case-Crossover Analysis of Out-of-Hospital Coronary Deaths and Air Pollution in Rome, Italy. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 172, 1549-1555. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200412-1726OC
Peters, A., Dockery, D.W., Muller, J.E., and Mittleman, M.A. (2001) Increased Particulate Air Pollution and the Triggering of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation, 103, 2810-2815. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.23.2810
Pope, C.A. and Dockery, D.W. (2006) Health Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines That Connect. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 56, 709-742.
Brook, R.D., Rajagopalan, S., Pope, C.A., Brook, J.R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A.V., Holguin, F., Hong, Y., Luepker, R.V., Mittleman, M.A., et al. (2010) Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121, 2331-2378. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1
Dennekamp, M., Akram, M., Abramson, M.J., Tonkin, A., Sim, M.R., Fridman, M., and Erbas, B. (2010) Outdoor Air Pollution as a Trigger for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 21, 494-500. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181e093db
Silverman, R.A., Ito, K., Freese, J., Kaufman, B.J., De Claro, D., Braun, J. and Prezant, D.J. (2010) Association of Ambient Fine Particles with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests in New York City. American Journal of Epidemiology, 172, 917-923. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwq217
Wichmann, J., Folke, F., Torp-Pedersen, C., Lippert, F., Ketzel, M., Ellermann, T. and Loft, S. (2013) Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Outdoor Air Pollution Exposure in Copenhagen, Denmark. PloS One, 8, e53684. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053684
Sullivan, J., Ishikawa, N., Sheppard, L., Siscovick, D., Checkoway, H. and Kaufman, J. (2003) Exposure to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter and Primary Cardiac Arrest among Persons with and without Clinically Recognized Heart Disease. American Journal of Epidemiology, 157, 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwg015
Levy, D., Sheppard, L., Checkoway, H., Kaufman, J., Lumley, T., Koenig, J. and Siscovick, D. (2001) A Case-Crossover Analysis of Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Out-of-Hospital Primary Cardiac Arrest. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 12, 193-199. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200103000-00011
Ensor, K.B., Raun, L.H. and Persse, D. (2013) A Case-Crossover Analysis of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Air Pollution. Circulation, 127, 1192-1199. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.000027
Rosenthal, F.S., Kuisma, M., Lanki, T., Hussein, T., Boyd, J., Halonen, J.I. and Pekkanen, J. (2013) Association of Ozone and Particulate Air Pollution with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Helsinki, Finland: Evidence for Two Different Etiologies. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 23, 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.121
Levy, D., Lumley, T., Sheppard, L., Kaufman, J. and Checkoway, H. (2001) Referent Selection in Case-Crossover Analyses of Acute Health Effects of Air Pollution. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 12, 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200103000-00010
Cummins, R.O., Chamberlain, D.A., Abramson, N.S., Allen, M., Baskett, P.J., Becker, L., Bossaert, L., Delooz, H.H., Dick, W.F. and Eisenberg, M.S. (1991) Recommended Guidelines for Uniform Reporting of Data from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The Utstein Style. A Statement for Health Professionals from a Task Force of the American Heart Association, the European Resuscitation Council, the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, and the Australian Resuscitation Council. Circulation, 84, 960-975. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.84.2.960
Maclure, M. (1991) The Case-Crossover Design: A Method for Studying Transient Effects on the Risk of Acute events. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133, 144-153. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115853
Lumley, T. and Levy, D. (2000) Bias in the Case—Crossover Design: Implications for Studies of Air Pollution. Environmetrics, 11, 689-704. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-095X(200011/12)11:6<689::AID-ENV439>3.0.CO;2-N
Janes, H., Sheppard, L. and Lumley, T. (2005) Case-Crossover Analyses of Air Pollution Exposure Data: Referent Selection Strategies and Their Implications for Bias. Epidemiology, 16, 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000181315.18836.9d
Tan, P.-H., Chou, C., Liang, J.-Y., Chou, C.C.-K. and Shiu, C.-J. (2009) Air Pollution “Holiday Effect” Resulting from the Chinese New Year. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 2114-2124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.037
Basu, R. and Samet, J.M. (2002) Relation between Elevated Ambient Temperature and Mortality: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence. Epidemiologic Reviews, 24, 190-202. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxf007
Braga, A.L., Zanobetti, A. and Schwartz, J. (2001) The Time Course of Weather-Related Deaths. Epidemiology, 12, 662-667. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200111000-00014
Curriero, F.C., Heiner, K.S., Samet, J.M., Zeger, S.L., Strug, L. and Patz, J.A. (2002) Temperature and Mortality in 11 Cities of the Eastern United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 80-87. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.1.80
Stafoggia, M., Forastiere, F., Agostini, D., Biggeri, A., Bisanti, L., Cadum, E., Caranci, N., de’Donato, F., De Lisio, S., De Maria, M., et al. (2006) Vulnerability to Heat-Related Mortality: A Multicity, Population-Based, Case-Crossover Analysis. Epidemiology, 17, 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000208477.36665.34
Straney, L., Finn, J., Dennekamp, M., Bremner, A., Tonkin, A. and Jacobs, I. (2014) Evaluating the Impact of Air Pollution on the Incidence of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Perth Metropolitan Region: 2000-2010. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 68, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202955
Rosenthal, F.S., Carney, J.P. and Olinger, M.L. (2008) Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Airborne Fine Particulate Matter: A Case-Crossover Analysis of Emergency Medical Ser-vices Data in Indianapolis, Indiana. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 631-636. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.10757
Park, S.K., O’Neill, M.S., Vokonas, P.S., Sparrow, D. and Schwartz, J. (2005) Effects of Air Pollution on Heart Rate Variability: The VA Normative Aging Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 304-309. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.7447
Whitsel, E.A., Quibrera, P.M., Christ, S.L., Liao, D., Prineas, R.J., Anderson, G.L. and Heiss, G. (2009) Heart Rate Variability, Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution, and Glucose Homeostasis: The Environmental Epidemiology of Arrhythmogenesis in the Women’s Health Initiative. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169, 693-703. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwn400
Pekkanen, J., Peters, A., Hoek, G., Tiittanen, P., Brunekreef, B., de Hartog, J., Heinrich, J., Ibald-Mulli, A., Kreyling, W.G., Lanki, T., et al. (2002) Particulate Air Pollution and Risk of ST-Segment Depression during Repeated Submaximal Exercise Tests among Subjects with Coronary Heart Disease: The Exposure and Risk Assessment for Fine and Ultrafine Particles in Ambient Air (ULTRA) Study. Circulation, 106, 933-938. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000027561.41736.3C
Magari, S.R., Schwartz, J., Williams, P.L., Hauser, R., Smith, T.J. and Christiani, D.C. (2002) The Association between Personal Measurements of Environmental Exposure to Particulates and Heart Rate Variability. Epidemiology, 13, 305-310. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200205000-00011
Gold, D.R., Litonjua, A., Schwartz, J., Lovett, E., Larson, A., Nearing, B., Allen, G., Verrier, M., Cherry, R. and Verrier, R. (2000) Ambient Pollution and Heart Rate Variability. Circulation, 101, 1267-1273. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.11.1267
Liao, D., Creason, J., Shy, C., Williams, R., Watts, R. and Zweidinger, R. (1999) Daily Variation of Particulate Air Pollution and Poor Cardiac Autonomic Control in the Elderly. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 521-525. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107521
Pope 3rd, C.A., Dockery, D.W., Kanner, R.E., Villegas, G.M. and Schwartz, J. (1999) Oxygen Saturation, Pulse Rate, and Particulate Air Pollution: A Daily Time-Series Panel Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 159, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.2.9702103
Baccarelli, A., Zanobetti, A., Martinelli, I., Grillo, P., Hou, L., Giacomini, S., Bonzini, M., Lanzani, G., Mannucci, P.M., Bertazzi, P.A., et al. (2007) Effects of Exposure to Air Pollution on Blood Coagulation. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis: JTH, 5, 252-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02300.x
Pekkanen, J., Brunner, E.J., Anderson, H.R., Tiittanen, P. and Atkinson, R.W. (2000) Daily Concentrations of Air Pollution and Plasma Fibrinogen in London. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57, 818-822. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.57.12.818
Bosson, J., Pourazar, J., Forsberg, B., Adelroth, E., Sandstrom, T. and Blomberg, A. (2007) Ozone Enhances the Airway Inflammation Initiated by Diesel Exhaust. Respiratory Medicine, 101, 1140-1146.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.11.010
Janssen, N.A., Lanki, T., Hoek, G., Vallius, M., de Hartog, J.J., Van Grieken, R., Pekkanen, J. and Brunekreef, B. (2005) Associations between Ambient, Personal, and Indoor Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Constituents in Dutch and Finnish Panels of Cardiovascular Patients. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62, 868-877. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.016618