Human script has gone through a long process and many developments, eventually evolving into two main branches, namely, the ideograph and the phonography. However, the reasons for the separation of ideograph and phonography, as well as the features of the two, have been the subject of much disagreement in the academic community. Taking Chinese characters as an example for ideograph, English, Sumerian cuneiform, and Phoenician as examples for phonography, this article makes a detailed study of th...

Culture  History  Philosophy  Human Geography  Archaeology  Linguistics 

The ongoing debate among contemporary Lutheran conservatives and liberals is whether Martin Luther’s reform got the reformation once and for all or initiated an active process of continuing reformation. The debate is related to the understanding of Scripture based on Sola Scriptura. Lutheran conservatives, for instance, argue that the Bible is literally true and inerrant and that if certain passages forbid women from speaking in church, then that is divine law that must be followed no matter how...

Philosophy 

The research presented here is part of our project and ideology of Christism developed in other articles. It seems believable that all people are aware of the existence of the Great Thought speaking to them inwardly to guide them into truth and a pearl of practical wisdom. But the fact is that they understand it differently, some understand it as just their own reason, an inborn intelligence, or smartness; but for others, it is the intuition, common sense, or a sound of practical judgment, a mot...

Philosophy 

These questions come to our minds whenever we turn to the discussion of “Personal Identity”, “Are you the same person, you were a year ago”, or “Are you the same person now as we were working together last night”? “How do we persist over time” and “Is there a life after death?” Many philosophers have advanced diverse theories to try and answer questions like these. In 1690 famous empiricist John Locke’s famous work “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (Locke 1690) [1] presented a theory of ...

Philosophy 

McGinn divides the history of Christian mysticism into three successive phases. The third phase, which began in the 17th century, can be called “the age of religious crisis”. At this time, the inner crisis stemmed from an overemphasis on personal experience and inner states, resulting in a break between the mystical element and the wholeness of the Christian life scene. The external crisis came from the Enlightenment’s attack on the Christian religion, which fundamentally shook up the worldview ...

Philosophy 

At the beginning of the twentieth century, China was poor and weak, and surrounded by foreign powers, the situation was as critical as eggs stacked. Like many aspirants who chose to study abroad in the hope of “learning from the barbarians to control the barbarians”, Li Shutong also chose to study in Japan with a view to saving the country through literature and art. The botanical aesthetics of Anglo-Japanese Style represented by Christopher Dreiser profoundly influenced Li: from the original so...

Philosophy 

This paper presents an ethical view of the topic of Circular Economy in Africa, focusing on Kenya, building industry. It describes the research project that is towards the affordability in Housing, including the craftsmanship of components involving Reusing and Re-purposing, then describes the aspects of ethics associated with the research project including: Culture and Heritage, Risk and Harm, Minimal Risk, Conflict of Interest, Responsibility, Consent, Design Ethics, and Technology Assessment....

Philosophy 

The domain of metaphysics is a breakthrough discovery on the actual states of things in the world. More specifically, in line with the traditional understanding of metaphysics, it delves into the subtle nature of reality that lies upon and beyond space, time, and being. Nevertheless, there are several overarching counter-movements towards the systematic possibility of metaphysics over the last decade; this prospective study, ipso facto, tends to be in support of metaphysics to the extent of its ...

Philosophy 

Through the analysis of the relationship between men and women in the patriarchal society, it is found that the Confucian view of women emphasizes the difference between men and women, and forms a pattern of both public and internal affairs based on the gender division of labor. By examining the positioning of Confucian women from the perspective of family ethics, there are some phenomena, such as “valuing mother more than daughter”, respecting father as well as husband as well as concubine, etc...

Philosophy 

What reasons do we have and why do we have these reasons when we love? Niko Kolodny in his 2003 essay argues that one’s reason for loving a person is contingent on one’s relationship with the beloved. Although he demonstrated a prima facie reason to think that love is a valuation of a relationship from the perspective of the subject and non-instrumental valuation of one’s beloved, Kolodny is inconsistent between saying that relationships provide reasons for love, and that valuing a relationship ...

Philosophy