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Phytochemical screening, acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic studies of aqueous extract of the root of Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) in rats
J.O.C.Ezeonwumelu,A.N.Omar,A.M.Ajayi,A.G.Okoruwa
International Journal of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences , 2012,
Abstract: The aqueous extract of the dried root was investigated to determine its total yield, phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities in groups of Wistar rats. The root extract was prepared by decoction method according to its local use. Standard methods of Trease and Evans and Harbourne were used for phytochemical screening. Acute toxicity was done with modified method of Lorke in phases one (500-5,000mg/kg) and two (6,000-10,000mg/kg) to ascertain the safety of the extract. Yeast-induced pyrexia and egg albumin-induced oedema in rats were done by oral administration of the extract at doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg. A yield of 11.8% was obtained after extraction. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids and cardiac glycosides. Acute toxicity testing indicated that Flueggea virosa extract (FVE) given orally up to the dose of 10,000mg/kg caused no death in rats. The anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic studies each showed that while 100mg/kg of the extract did not exert a significant effect, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg exhibited significant (p<0.05) inhibition of egg albumin induced inflammation and yeast-induced pyrexia. These results suggest that the Flueggea virosa root aqueous extract produces fairly reasonable amount of extract and contains phytochemicals which perhaps possess anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities and is practically safe.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Pre-Lacteal Feeding Practice among Women Attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital Maternal And Child Health Clinic, Bushenyi, Western Uganda
A.O. Ogah,A.M. Ajayi,S. Akib,S.N. Okolo
Asian Journal of Medical Sciences , 2012,
Abstract: WHO/UNICEF strongly discourages the traditional practice of pre-lacteal feeding unless medically indicated. However, from clinical observation in KIUTH, this practice appeared to be very common. Hence, this study was aimed at documenting for the first time, the rate of prelacteal feeding practice, associated factors and the effect of this practice on the breastfeeding behaviour of the mothers attending KIUTH MCH clinic. This cross-sectional study included 403 mother-infant pairs. Mothers with children aged 2 years and below, who consecutively attended the MCH clinic of KIUTH during the study period of 3 months (January to March, 2010), were enrolled on first-come-first-serve basis. Ethical clearance was granted by the KIUTH research ethical committee and verbal consent was obtained from the participants. Data was collected using structured, pretested questionnaires and analysed with SPSS 16 statistical software. The rate of prelacteal feeding practice was 31.3%. The key proprelacteal factors were, delay in initiating breastfeeding beyond the day of delivery (LR = 6.1, p<0.0005) and beyond the first hour postdelivery (LR = 0.4, p<0.0005), maternal low level of information about breastfeeding (LR = 0.6, p<0.0005), the non-catholic Christians religion(LR = 0.8, p = 0.023) and village residence (LR = 0.7, p = 0.038). Prelacteal feeding was done mostly on the day of delivery with plain water (in 95% of cases) and due to perceived insufficient breastmilk. Giving prelacteal feeds was also common amongst mothers who attended ANC and those who delivered by caesarean section in the health facility. This traditional practice however, had no significant effect on the rate and duration of EBF and full breastfeeding. The rate of prelacteal feeding was high and delay in initiating breastfeeding beyond the day of delivery was the key determinant factor of prelacteal feeding. Decline in emphasis or possibly prescription of prelacteal feeding by healthworkers could also be contributory.
Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of a polyherbal extract of Plumbago zeylinica and Capsicum frutescens in rodents
A. Alabi,A.M. Ajayi,C. Emegoakor,O. Oladunjoye,W.E. Olooto,Y. Obikoya
- , 2017,
Abstract: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of an extract of a polyherbal mixture containing the leaves and roots of Plumbago zeylinica and fruits of Capsicum frutescens. Acute toxicity effect of WAP was evaluated in mice. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of WAP (100–400 mg/kg) were investigated in hot plate, acetic acid-induced writhing, carrageenan-induced paw oedema and air pouch models. No death was recorded when WAP was administered at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Oral treatment with WAP elicited inhibitory activity in hot plate test. Abdominal writhing was significantly reduced by WAP at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (54.5 ± 1.6, 20.0 ± 7.4, 38.4 ± 4.8) as compared with the control group (71.0 ± 2.6). Carrageenan-induced oedema formation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at WAP (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) by 23.5, 27.3 and 31.4%, respectively, and by reference to indomethacin (10 mg/kg, 31.2%). WAP (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced exudate volume (37.2 and 44.1%), protein (42.0 and 54.1%), total leucocytes (59.1 and 60.2) and neutrophils count (57.3 and 58.0%) in the carrageenan-induced air pouch in rats. Similarly, WAP treated animals showed reduced nitrites and malondialdehyde levels and increased glutathione levels. Furthermore, WAP (400 mg/kg) nether affected locomotory activity nor induced gastric lesion in mice. The results of this study revealed that extract of a polyherbal mixture containing the leaves and roots of Plumbago zeylinica and fruits of Capsicum frutescens possesses anti-noiceptive and anti-inflammatory activity.
Studies of Phytochemical Screening, Acute Toxicity and Anti-Diarrhoeal Effect of Aqueous Extract of Kenyan Tithonia diversifolia Leaves in Rats
J.O.C. Ezeonwumelu,R.G. Omolo,A.M. Ajayi,E. Agwu
British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 2012,
Abstract: Tithonia diversifolia (family-Asteraceae), a wildly growing plant has been reported to possess a number of medicinal properties being used traditionally in tropics especially Kenya and Nigeria. This study evaluated the phytochemicals, acute toxicity (100-10,000 mg/kg) and anti-diarrhoeal effect of Tithonia diversifolia on group of Wistar rats. The anti-diarrhoeal effect of aqueous extract of Tithonia diversifolia leaves (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses) was studied using castor-oil-induced-diarrhoea model (dropping test), castor-oil-induced enteropooling (secretory test) and gastrointestinal transit test (charcoal transit) in rats. In castor-oil-induced diarrhoea test, the rats’ droppings were observed and noted as wet or dry with wet signifying characteristic diarrhoea. The castor-oil-induced enteropooling was done to determine the volume of intestinal content induced by castor oil while in gastrointestinal transit, the speed and percentage distance travelled by charcoal meal were noted to determine the anti-motility properties of the extract. The results showed that Tithonia diversifolia leaves’ aqueous extract reduced wet faecal output in castor-oilinduced diarrhoea but with slightly greater frequencies in comparison with loperamide treated animals and had less volume of intestinal contents as compared with the negative control (distilled water treated animals). It also had a significant (p<0.05) non-dose dependent reduction in speed and distance travelled by charcoal in gastrointestinal tract but slightly higher speed and longer distance than the atropine treated rats. Therefore, Tithonia diversifolia leaves’ aqueous extract has a remarkable anti-diarrhoeal effect in castoroil- induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility models attesting to its utility in a wide range of diarrhoeal states traditionally.
Biochemical and Histological Studies of Aqueous Extract of Bidens pilosa Leaves from Ugandan Rift Valley in Rats
J.O.C. Ezeonwumelu,A.K. Julius,C.N. Muhoho,A.M. Ajayi
British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology , 2011,
Abstract: Bidens pilosa, a member of the Asteraceae family, is one of the dominant medicinal plant species worldwide including Uganda. This study aimed at assessing both acute and sub-chronic toxicities of Bidens pilosa Leaves Extract (BPLE). Phytochemical tests were done on BPLE to detect the presence of secondary metabolites. In acute toxicity test, a single oral dose of BPLE (500-10,000 mg/kg) was used on each group of Wistar rats. For sub-chronic toxicity study, BPLE (200-800 mg/kg) and distilled water were orally administered daily for 28 days. Signs of toxicity were observed and rats sacrificed, blood and organs collected for biochemical and histological studies. The BPLE was found to contain tannins, flavonoids, phlobatannins, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. No mortality was recorded during the studies in rats. There was a general reduction in mean percentage body weight gain of test rats compared with control; statistically significant (p<0.05) between 400 mg/kg and control and between 400 and 800 mg/kg. Significant increments in mean relative organ weight of the heart occurred between control and 400 mg/kg groups. There were significant (p<0.05) increases in the serum levels of Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) enzymes at dose of 800 mg/kg and of cardiac Creatine Kinase (CKMB) at all three doses when compared with the control. Light micrograph of the liver, kidney and heart tissues at 400 magnifications appeared normal with no changes. It can be concluded that BPLE from the Rift Valley Region of Western Uganda contains secondary metabolites and has high index of safety.
Evaluation of Corrosion Behavior of Copper in Chloride Media Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
Nagiub,A.M.;
Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta , 2005,
Abstract: the corrosion behavior of pure copper rotating cylinder electrode (rce) exposed to 3% nacl or artificial seawater prepared as v？t？？nen nine salt solution (vnss) has been studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) and polarization techniques. eis experiments for copper rce were carried out at different rotation rate from 0 rpm to 1600 rpm. polarization resistance (rp) values were obtained from both eis and polarization experiments. excellent agreement between impedance and polarization data is observed. rce experiments demonstrated that ecorr and corrosion rate for copper depend linearly on rotation speed r0.7. the results obtained showed that eis is a powerful electrochemical method to follow the change of corrosion mechanisms.
LAPAROSCOPIC ILEAL LOOP CONDUIT: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN DOGS
A.M. SHOMA
African Journal of Urology , 2002,
Abstract: Objective This experimental study in dogs aimed at establishing a technique for laparoscopic construction of an ileal loop conduit for urinary diversion. Material and Methods Eight mongrel dogs were included in the study. All of them were subjected to preoperative intravenous urography (IVU) for evaluation of the upper urinary tract. In the first four dogs (Group I) ileal loop conduits were constructed via a transperitoneal approach with implantation of the right ureter only to the newly fashioned conduit. Group II consisted of another four dogs in which the conduits were created and both ureters were reanastomosed to their walls. All procedures were done laparoscopically. Postoperatively, all dogs were evaluated using IVU and diuretic renography. The conduits were further evaluated by loopograms. Results Open conversion was not necessary in any animal. The mean operative time was 5 ± 1.5 hours and 4 ± 0.5 hours for Groups I and II, respectively. One dog of Group I died postoperatively because of urinary leakage. Thus, only three units were evaluable. Two of them showed a perfect configuration on IVU film, while a ureteroileal stricture was detected in one. Mean renographic clearance was 55 ± 10.5 ml/minute. Eight renal units could be assessed in Group II. All showed perfect postoperative configurations during radiological assessment with a mean renographic clearance of 56 ± 8 ml/minute. The loopograms showed adequately fashioned conduits in all dogs with no leakage. Conclusion This experimental study confirmed the feasibility of laparoscopic ileal conduit construction with a satisfactory outcome. Although technically challenging, ongoing technical refinements will make the performance of reconstructive laparoscopy more widely acceptable. La Dérivation Cutanée Trans-Intestinale par Voie Laparoscopique: Une Etude Expérimentale chez le Chien Objectif Cette étude expérimentale avait pour but d'établir une technique pour la confection par voie laparoscopique d'une dérivation urinaire trans-intestinale. Matériel et Méthodes Huit chiens de race Mongrel ont été inclus dans cette étude. Tous ont eu une urographie intra-veineuse (UIV) pour l'évaluation de leur haut appareil urinaire. Chez les 4 premiers chiens (Group I) la dérivation a été réalisée par voie trans-péritonéale avec implantation de l'uretère droit seul dans le conduit nouvellement confectionné. Le groupe II comprenait 4 chiens chez lesquels les conduits étaient crées et les deux uretères anastomosés dans la paroi. Toutes les opérations ont été réalisées par voie laparoscopique. En post-opératoire, tous les chiens ont été évalués par UIV et néphrographie aux diurétiques. Les conduits de dérivation ont été évalués par opacification de l'anse de dérivation. Résultats Une conversion en chirurgie ouverte n'a été nécessaire chez aucun animal. La durée moyenne de l'opération était de 5 ± 1.5 heures et 4 ± 0.5 heures pour les groupes I et II respective-ment. Un des chiens du groupe I décéda en post-
Computer simulation of modulated two-beam interference using monochromatic light
A.M. Hamed
Optica Applicata , 2004,
Abstract: Two different models are suggested to describe the fringe shift obtained from the two beam interference modulated by the phase variations of transparent objects. The first model of the fringe shift assumes a linear triangular distribution, while the second model varies as a truncated Gauss function. The Abel transform enables computation of the refractive index distribution from the theoretical data of the fringe shift. The fringe shift of the phase object is represented in the harmonic term of the intensity distribution formula. A computer program is written to plot both of the fringe shifts of the models described and the corresponding refractive indices of the phase object. Comparative results are cited in the introduction which are based on an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) using two models; one of them has a cosine phantom field which constructs an asymmetric single peak, while the other model has cosGauss function giving an asymmetric double-peak phantom. These results are compared with our results, which gives only a single peak in both cases of linear and quadratic variations, which is convenient for use in optical fibers.
A demographic model to predict future growth of the Addo elephant population
A.M. Woodd
Koedoe : African Protected Area Conservation and Science , 1999, DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v42i1.226
Abstract: An age-structured demographic model of the growth of the Addo elephant population was developed using parameters calculated from long-term data on the population. The model was used to provide estimates of future population growth. Expansion of the Addo Elephant National Park is currently underway, and the proposed target population size for elephant within the enlarged park is 2700. The model predicts that this population size will be reached during the year 2043, so that the Addo elephant population can continue to increase for a further 44 years before its target size within the enlarged park is attained.
Intranet/Extranet security
A.M. Niven
South African Journal of Information Management , 2009, DOI: 10.4102/sajim.v2i1.82
Abstract:
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