Development of novel biomaterials and its practical
application have been the subject of much research in the field of scaffolds
for tissue engineering, providing the success of producing scaffolds
biomaterials that facilitate tissue growth and provide structure support for
cells. Due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability, chitosan has been the
focus of several researches in recent years to be applied in the biomedical
field and chemical modifications of chitosan through crosslinks can produce
materials with a wide variety of properties. The objective of this study was to
obtain and characterize, chemically and biologically, ionically crosslinked
chitosan membranes. Chitosan membranes were
prepared by solvent evaporation and the crosslinks were introduced by reaction
with sulfuric acid solution. The cross-linked membranes were characterized by
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy (EDX) and contact angle
measurements. The biological assays of the membranes were performed with NIH
3T3 cells in two steps: evaluation of cytotoxicity by indirect contact of the
cells with the extracts of the chitosan membranes and finally with the direct
contact of the cells on the filaments of chitosan to obtain adhesion and cell
proliferation information. Non-crosslinked membranes of chitosan were
used as controls for all assays. With the physicochemical tests, it was
possible to observe an effective crosslinking reaction in chitosan. Biological
assays have revealed that the membranes are non-cytotoxic but must still be
modified to provide cell adhesion and proliferation.
Cite this paper
Fideles, T. B. , Santos, J. L. , Tomás, H. , Furtado, G. T. F. S. , Lima, D. B. , Borges, S. M. P. and Fook, M. V. L. (2018). Characterization of Chitosan Membranes Crosslinked by Sulfuric Acid. Open Access Library Journal, 5, e4336. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104336.
Campana, S.P. and Signini, R. (2001) Efeitos de Aditivos na Desacetilacao de Quitina. Polímeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia, 11, 169-173. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-14282001000400006
Triplett, R.G., Schow, S.R. and Fields, R.T. (2001) Bone Augmentation with and without Biodegradable and Nonbiodegradable Microporous Membranes. Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America, 13, 411-422.
Berger, J., Reist, M., Mayer, J.M., Felt, O., Peppas, N.A. and Gurny, R. (2004) Structure and Interactions in Covalently and Ionically Crosslinked Chitosan Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 57, 19-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(03)00161-9
Senel, S. and Mcclure, S.J. (2004) Potential Application of Chitosan in Veterinary Medicine. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 56, 1467-1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.007
Bettini, R., Romani, A.A., Morganti, M.M. and Borghetti, A.F. (2008) Physicochemical and Cell Adhesion Properties of Chitosan Films Prepared from Sugar and Phosphate-Containing Solutions. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 68, 74-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2007.03.026
Croisier, F. and Jérome, C. (2013) Chitosan-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering. European Polymer Journal, 49, 780-792.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009
Subramanian, A., Rau, A.V. and Kaligotla, H. (2006) Surface Modification of Chitosan for Selective Surface Protein Interaction. Carbohydrate Polymers, 66, 321-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.022
Shukla, S.K., Mishra, A.K., Arotiba, O. and Mamba, B.B. (2013) Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials: A State-Of-Art Review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 59, 46-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.043
Beppu, M.M., Vieira, R.S., Aimali, C.G. and Santana, C.C. (2007) Crosslinking of Chitosan Membranes Using Glutaraldehyde: Effect on Ion Permeability and Water Absorption. Journal of Membrane Science, 301, 126-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.06.015
Karakecili, A.G., Satriano, C., Gumusderelioglu, M. and Marletta, G. (2007) Surface Characteristics of Ionically Crosslinked Chitosan Membranes. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106, 3884-3888. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26920
Chiono, V., Pulieri, E., Vozzi, G., Ciardelli, G., Ahluwalia, A. and Giusti, P. (2008) Genipin-Crosslinked Chitosan/Gelatin Blends for Biomedical Applications. Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 19, 889-898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-007-3212-5
Muzzarelli, R.A.A. (2009) Chitin and Chitosan for the Repair of Wounded Skin, Nerve, Cartilage and Bone. Carbohydrate Polymers, 76, 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.11.002
Dallan, R.M. (2005) Sintese e caracterizacao de membranas de quitosana para aplicacao na regeneracao da Pele. Tese, Doutorado em Engenharia Quimica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica, Campinas, 194 p.
Ostrowska-Czubenko, J. and Gierszewska-Druzyńska, M. (2009) Effect of Ionic Crosslinking on the Water State in Hydrogel Chitosan Membranes. Carbohydrate Polymers, 77, 590-598.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.036
Marreco, R., Moreira, L., Genari, S.C. and Moraes, A.M. (2004) Effect of Different Sterilization Methods on the Morphology. Mechanical Properties, and Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Membranes Used as Wound Dressings. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 71A, 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.30081
Farkhry, A., Schneider, G.B., Zaharias, R. and Senel, S. (2004) Chitosan Supports the Initial Attachment and Spreading of Osteoblasts Preferentially over Fibroblasts. Biomaterials, 25, 2075-2079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.08.068
Tremei, A., Cai, A., Tirtaatmadja, N., Hughes, B.D., Stevens, G.W., Landman, K.A. and O’Connor, A.J. (2009) Cell Migration and Proliferation during Monolayer Formation and Wound Healing. Chemical Engineering Science, 64, 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2008.10.008
Hamilton, V., Yuan, Y., Rigney, D.A., Puckett, A.D., Ong, J.L., Yang, Y., Elder, S.H. and Bumgardner, J.D. (2006) Characterization of Chitosan Films and Effect on Fibroblast Cell Attachment and Proliferation. Journal of Material Science: Materials in Medicine, 17, 1373-1381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-006-0613-9