A landscape is a mosaic of natural and/or artificial communities and wa-terbodies and may contain several distinct ecosystems. Human life depends on many services delivered by the water-based aquatic and land-based terrestrial ecosystems. A wide variety of aquatic ecosystems exist and alt-hough they represent a low percentage of the Earth’s surface, their roles and functions make them crucial. Aquatic ecosystems especially inland aquatic ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and home to a diverse array of species and habitats, providing numerous economic and societal benefits to humans. Understanding diversity of aquatic ecosystems within landscape is a fundamental goal of both basic and applied ecological research. This study recognizes, defines, classifies, characterizes and compares for the first time the aquatic resources vis-à-vis aquatic ecosystems in the landscape of Adilabad District, Telangana, “Deccan Region”, India, which was selected as the study area.
Cite this paper
Reddy, M. T. , Sivaraj, N. , Kamala, V. , Pandravada, S. R. , Sunil, N. and Dikshit, N. (2018). Classification, Characterization and Comparison of Aquatic Ecosystems in the Landscape of Adilabad District, Telangana, Deccan Region, India. Open Access Library Journal, 5, e4459. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104459.
Mojses, M. and Boltiziar, M. (2011) Using Spatial Metrics for Assessment of the Land-scape Structure Changes of the Besa Dry Polder. Tajokologiai Lapok, 9, 415-428.
Reeves, G.H. and Duncan, S.L. (2009) Ecological History vs. Social Ex-pectations: Managing Aquatic Ecosystems. Ecology and Society, 14, 8. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art8/ https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02976-140208
GWP (Global Water Partnership)/INBO (International Network of Basin Organizations) (2015) The Handbook for Management and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems in River and Lake Basins, 94.
Department of the Environ-ment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2009) Assessment of Australia’s Terrestrial Biodiversity 2008. Report Prepared by the Biodiversity Assessment Working Group of the National Land and Water Resources Audit for the Australian Government, Canberra.
Johnson, N., Revenga, C. and Echeverria, J. (2001) Managing Water for People and Nature. Science, 292, 1071-1072. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1058821
Kitchell, J.F., Carpenter, S.R., Bayley, S.W., Ewel, K.C., Howarth, R.W., Nixon, S.W. and Schindler, D.W. (1991) Aquatic Ecosystem Experiments in the Context of Global Climate Change: Working Group Report. In: Mooney, H.A., et al., Eds., Ecosystem Experi-ments, SCOPE #45, John Wiley and Sons, Chinchester, 229-235.
Wilson, M.A. and Carpenter, S.R. (1999) Economic Valuation of Freshwater Ecosystem Services in the United States: 1971-1997. Ecological Applications, 9, 772-783.
Matero, J. and Saastamoinen, O. (1998) Monetary Assessment of the Impacts of Forestry on Water-Based Benefits in Finland. Boreal Environment Research, 3, 87-96.
Aylward, B., Bandyopadhyay, J., Belausteguigotia, J.C., Borkey, P., Cassar, A.Z., Meadors, L., Saade, L., Siebentritt, M., Stein, R., Tognetti, S. and Tortajada, C. (2005) Freshwater Ecosystem Services. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Policy Responses, 3, 213-256.
Vorosmarty, C.J. and Leveque, C.R. (2005) Fresh Water. In: Hassan, R., Scholes, R. and Ash, N., Eds., Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: Current Status and Trends 1, Island Press, Washington DC.
Carpenter, S.R., Stanley, E.H. and Vander Zanden, M.J. (2011) State of the World’s Freshwater Ecosystems: Physical, Chemical, and Biological Changes. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36, 75-99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-021810-094524
Strayer, D.L. and Dudgeon, D. (2010) Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation: Recent Progress and Future Challenges. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29, 344-358. https://doi.org/10.1899/08-171.1
Ricciardi, A. and Rasmussen, J.B. (1999) Extinction Rates of North American Freshwater Fauna. Conservation Biology, 13, 1220-1222. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98380.x
Ollis, D.J., Snaddon, C.D., Job, N.M. and Mbona, N. (2013) Classifica-tion System for Wetlands and Other Aquatic Ecosystems in South Africa. User Manual: Inland Systems. SANBI Biodiversity Series 22. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
Singers, N.J.D. and Rogers, G.M. (2014) A Classification of New Zealand’s Terrestrial Ecosystems. Science for Conservation 325, Department of Conservation, Wellington, 87.
Cowardin, L.M., Carter, V., Golet, F.C. and LaRoe, E.T. (1979) Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. FWS/OBS-79/31. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC.
Maxwell, J.R., Edwards, C.J., Jensen, M.E., Paustian, S.J., Parrott, H. and Hill, D.M. (1995) A Hierarchical Framework of Aquatic Ecological Units in North America (Nearctic Zone). General Technical Report NC-176. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul.
Melles, S., Jones, N. and Schmidt, B. (2013) Aquatic Research Series 2013-05: Aquatic Ecosystem Classification for Ontario: A Technical Proposal. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 52.
Horton, R.E. (1945) Erosional Development of Streams and their Drainage Basins—Hydrophysical Approach to Quantitative Morphology. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 56, 275-370. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[275:EDOSAT]2.0.CO;2
Groves, C.R., Jensen, D.B., Valutis, L.L., Redford, K.H., Shaffer, M.L., Scott, J.M., Baumgartner, J.V., Higgins, J.V., Beck, M.W. and Anderson, M.G. (2002) Planning for Biodiversity Conservation: Putting Conservation Science into Practice. A Seven-Step Framework for Developing Regional Plans to Conserve Biological Diversity, Based upon Principles of Conservation Biology and Ecology, Is Being Used Extensively by the Nature Conservancy to Identify Priority Areas for Conservation. BioScience, 52, 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0499:PFBCPC]2.0.CO;2
Brinson, M.M. (1993) A Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands. Technical Report WRP-DE-4, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Washington DC, 79.
Smith, R.D., Ammann, A., Bartoldus, C. and Brinson, M.M. (1995) An Approach for Assessing Wetland Functions Using Hydrogeomorphic Classification, Reference Wetlands, and Functional Indices Wetlands Research Program Technical Report WRP-DE-9. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Washington DC, 79.
Kellerhals, R. and Church, M. (1989) The Morphology of Large Rivers: Characterization and Management. In: Dodge, D.P., Ed., Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium, Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 106, 31-48.
Pimm, S.L. and Brooks, T.M. (2000) The Sixth Extinction: How Large, Where and When? In: Raven, P.H. and Williams, T., Eds., Nature and Human Society: The Quest of a Sustainable World, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 46-62.
World Resources Institute (2005) Chapter 20: Inland Water Systems, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. World Resources Institute, Washington DC. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/index.aspx.
Myers, N., Mit-termeier, R.A., Mittermeier, C.G., da Fonseca, G.A. and Kent, J. (2000) Biodiversity Hotspots for Conservation Priorities. Nature, 403, 853-858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
Laurance, W.F. (2010) Habitat De-struction: Death by a Thousand Cuts. In: Sodhi, N.S. and Ehrlich, P.R., Eds., Conserva-tion Biology for All, OXFORD University Press, Oxford, New York, 73-87. http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199554249.do https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0005
Nayar, M.P., Singh, A.K. and Nair, K.N. (2009) Agrobiodiversity Hotspots in India: Conservation and Benefit Sharing, Volume I and II. PPV and FR Authority, New Delhi, 217-307.
Reddy, M.T., Pandravada, S.R., Sivaraj, N., Sunil, N., Dikshit, N. and Kamala, V. (2017) Backyard Farming of Okra (Abelmoschuses culentus L. Moench) in Traditional Agricultural Landscapes of Adilabad District, Telangana, India. Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology, 6, 147-161.
Reddy, M.T., Pandravada, S.R., Sivaraj, N., Kamala, V., Sunil, N. and Dikshit, N. (2017) Classification and Characterization of Landscapes in the Territory of Adilabad District, Telangana, Deccan Region, India. Open Access Library Journal, 4, e3745.
Kumar, K.A. (2010) Local Knowledge and Agricultural Sustainability: A Case Study of Pradhan Tribe in Adilabad District. Working Paper No. 81. Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Begumpet, Hyderabad, 36.
Revenga, C. and Kura, Y. (2003) Status and Trends of Biodiversity of Inland Water Ecosystems. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Technical Series No. 11.
Semeniuk, C.A. and Semeniuk, V. (1995) A Geomorphic Approach to Global Classification for Inland Wetlands. Vegetatio, 118, 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045193
Finlayson, C.M., Begg, G.W., Howes, J., Davies, J., Tagi, K. and Lowry, J. (2002) A Manual for an Inventory of Asian Wetlands: Version 1.0. Wetlands International Global Series 10, Kuala Lumpur.
Ellery, W.N., Grenfell, M.C., Grenfell, S., Kotze, D.C., Mccarthy, T.S., Tooth, S., Grundling, P.L., Beckedahl, H., Le Maitre, D. and Ramsay, L. (2008) WET-Origins: Controls on the Distribution and Dynamics of Wetlands in South Africa. WRC Report No. TT 334/08. Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
Ollis, D.J., Ewart-Smith, J.L., Day, J.A., Job, N.M., Macfarlane, D.M., Snaddon, C.D., Sieben, E.J.J., Dini, J.A. and Mbona, N. (2015) The Development of a Classification System for Inland Aquatic Ecosystems in South Africa. Water SA, 41, 727-745. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v41i5.16
Naiman, R.J., Lonzarich, D.G., Beechie, T.J. and Ralph, S.C. (1992) General Principles of Classification and the Assessment of Conservation Potential in Rivers. In: Boon, P.J., Calow, P. and Petts, G.E., Eds., River Conservation and Management, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 93-123.
Froude, V.A. and Beanland, R.A. (1999) Review of Environmental Classification Systems and Spatial Frameworks. Report Prepared for Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand Government, Report Reference No. TR88.
Heinz Center (The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment) (2008) The State of the Nations Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington DC.
Malmqvist, B. and Rundle, S. (2002) Threats to the Running Water Ecosystems of the World. Environmental Conservation, 29, 134-153. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892902000097
Shiklomanov, L.A. (1993) World Freshwater Resources. In: Gleick, P.H., Ed., Water in Crisis: A Guide to World’s Freshwater Resources, Oxford University Press, New York, 13-24.
Rice, S.P., Greenwood, M.T. and Joyce, C.B. (2001) Tributaries, Sediment Sources, and the Longitudinal Organisation of Macroinvertebrate Fauna along River Systems. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 58, 824-840. https://doi.org/10.1139/f01-022
Poole, G.C. (2002) Fluvial Landscape Ecology: Addressing Uniqueness within the River Discontinuum. Freshwater Biology, 47, 641-660. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00922.x
Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E. and Deban, L. (1998) Assessment of Seasonal and Polluting Effects on the Quality of River Water by Exploratory Data Analysis. Water Research, 32, 3581-3592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00138-9
Dhasarathan, P., Gowsalya, U.G. and Rajkumar, K. (2006) Seasonal Variation in Microbial Population in Sivakasi Soil with Reference to the Influence of Temperature. Pollution Research, 25, 114-118.
Ward, J.V., Mallard, F. and Tockner, K. (2002) Landscape Ecology: A Framework for Integrating Pattern and Process in River Corridors. Landscape Ecology, 17, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015277626224
Johansson, M.E., Nilsson, C. and Nilsson, E. (1996) Do Rivers Function as Corridors for Plant Dispersal? Journal of Vegetation Science, 7, 593-598. https://doi.org/10.2307/3236309
Jansson, R., Nilsson, C. and Renofalt, B. (2000) Fragmentation of Riparian Floras in Rivers with Multiple Dams. Ecology, 81, 899-903. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0899:FORFIR]2.0.CO;2
Gresswell, R.E. and Vondracek, B. (2010) Coldwater Streams. In: Hubert, W.A. and Quist, M.C., Eds., Inland Fisheries Management in North America, 3rd Edition, American Fisheries Society, Bethsda, Maryland, 587-618.
Harvey, C.A., Chacon, M., Donatti, C.I., Garen, E., Hannah, L., Andrade, A., Bede, L., Brown, D., Calle, A. and Chara, J. (2014) Climate Smart Landscapes: Opportunities and Challenges for Integrating Adaptation and Mitigation in Tropical Agriculture. Conservation Letters, 7, 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12066
Smith, P., Haberl, H., Popp, A., Erb, K.H., Lauk, C., Harper, R., Tubiello, F.N., Siqueira Pinto, A., Jafari, M. and Sohi, S. (2013) How Much Land Based Greenhouse Gas Mitigation can be Achieved without Compromising Food Security and Environmental Goals? Global Change Biology, 19, 2285-2302. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12160
Smart, S.M., Bunce, R.G., Firbank, L.G. and Coward, P. (2002) Do Field Boundaries Act as Refugia for Grassland Plant Species Diversity in Intensively Managed Agricultural Landscapes in Britain? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 91, 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00259-6
Smart, S.M., Marrs, R.H., Le Duc, M.G., Thompson, K., Bunce, R.G.H., Firbank, L.G. and Rossall, M.J. (2006) Spatial Relationships between Intensive Land Cover and Residual Plant Species Diversity in Temperate Farmed Landscapes: Land-Use and Residual Species Diversity Patterns. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43, 1128-1137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01231.x
Sidle, R.C., Tsuboyama, Y., Noguchi, S., Hosoda, I., Fujieda, M. and Shimizu, T. (2000) Streamflow Generation in Steep Headwaters: A Linked Hydro-Geomorphic Paradigm. Hydrological Processes, 14, 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(20000228)14:3 <369::AID-HYP943>3.0.CO;2-P
Abell, R., Allan, J.D. and Lehner, B. (2007) Unlocking the Potential of Protected Areas for Freshwaters. Biological Conservation, 134, 48-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.08.017
Courtenay Jr, W.R., Sahlman, H.F., Miley II, W.W. and Herrema, D.J. (1974) Exotic Fishes in Fresh and Brackish Waters of Florida. Biological Conservation, 6, 292-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(74)90008-1
Bureau of Land Management (2000) A Handbook for the Management of Seeps and Springs in the Great Basin. Sada, D.W., Williams, J.E., Silvey, J.C., Halford, A., Ramakka, J., Summers, P. and Lewis, L., Eds.
McCabe, D.J. (1998) Biological Communities in Springbrooks. In: Botosaneana, L., Ed., Studies in Crenobiology: The Biology of Springs and Springbrooks, Bckhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands, 221-228.
United States Department of Interior (USDI), Bureau of Land Management (BLM) (2001) Riparian Area Management: A Guide to Managing, Restoring, and Conserving Springs in the Western United States. Technical Reference 1737-17. Bureau of Land Management, Denver, Colorado, BLM/ST/ST-01/001 1737.
Nilsson, C. and Berggren, K. (2000) Alterations of Riparian Ecosystems Caused by River Regulation. BioScience, 50, 783-792. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0783:AORECB]2.0.CO;2
Williamson, C.E., Saros, J.E., Vincent, W.F. and Smol, J.P. (2009) Lakes and Reservoirs as Sentinels, Integrators, and Regulators of Climate Change. Limnology and Oceanography, 54, 2273-2282. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2273
Minale, A.S. and Rao, K.K. (2011) Hydrological Dynamics and Human Impact on Ecosystems of Lake Tana, Northwestern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 4, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v4i1.7
Drake, D.C., Kelly, D. and Schallenberg, M. (2011) Shallow Coastal Lakes in New Zealand: Current Conditions, Catchment-Scale Human Disturbance, and Determination of Ecological Integrity. Hydrobiologia, 658, 87-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-010-0452-z
Collinson, N.H., Biggs, J., Corfield, A., Hodson, M.J., Walker, D., Whitfield, M. and Williams, P.J. (1995) Temporary and Permanent Ponds: An Assessment of the Effects of Drying Out on the Conservation Value of Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Communities. Biological Conservation, 74, 125-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00021-U
MacCallum, W.F. (2009) NHESP Guidelines for the Certification of Vernal Pool Habitat. Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, Rabbit Hill Road, Westborough.
Sobczak, R.V., Canbareri, T.C. and Portnoy, J.W. (2003) Physical Hydrology of Selected Vernal Pools and Kettle Ponds in the Cape Cod National Seashore, Massachusetts: Ground and Surface Water Interactions. Water Resources Office, Cape Cod Commission, Barnstable, MA.
Williams, W.D. (1985) Biotic Adaptations in Temporary Lentic Waters, with Special Reference to Those in Semi-Arid and Arid Regions. Hydrobiology, 125, 85-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00045928
Colburn, E.A., Weeks, S.C. and Reed, S.K. (2008) Diversity and Ecology of Vernal Pool Invertebrates. In: Calhoun, A.J.K. and deMaynadier, P.G., Eds., Science and Conservation of Vernal Pools in Northeastern North America, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 105-126.
Semlitsch, R.D. and Skelly, D.K. (2008) Ecology and Conservation of Pool-Breeding Amphibians. In: Calhoun, A.J.K. and deMaynadier, P.G., Eds., Science and Conservation of Vernal Pools in Northeastern North America, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 127-147.
Bjornn, T.C. and Reiser, D.W. (1991) Habitat Requirements of Salmonids in Streams. In: Meehan, W.R., Ed., Influences of Forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and Their Habitats, American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 19, 83-138.
Sedell, J.R., Reeves, G.H., Haver, F.R., Stanford, J.A. and Hawkins, C.P. (1990) Role of Refugia in Recovery from Disturbances: Modern Fragmented and Disconnected River Systems. Environmental Management, 14, 711-724. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02394720
Moilanen, A. and Hanski, I. (2001) On the Use of Connectivity Measures in Spatial Ecology. Oikos, 95, 147-151. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.950116.x
Hayes, N.M, Deemer, B.R., Corman, J.R., Razavi, N.R. and Strock, K.E. (2017) Key Differences between Lakes and Reservoirs Modify Climate Signals: A Case for a New Conceptual Model. Limnology and Oceanography Letters, 2, 47-62. https://doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10036
Tockner, K., Malard, F. and Ward, J.V. (2000) An Extension of the Flood Pulse Concept. Hydrological Processes, 14, 2861-2883. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17 <2861::AID-HYP124>3.0.CO;2-F
Shaw, R.F., Johnson, P.J., Macdonald, D.W. and Feber, R.E. (2015) Enhancing the Biodiversity of Ditches in Intensively Managed UK Farmland. PLoS ONE, 10, e0138306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138306
Manhoudt, A.G.E., Udo de Haes, H.A. and de Snoo, G.R. (2005) An Indicator of Plant Species Richness of Semi-Natural Habitats and Crops on Arable Farms. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 109, 166-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.01.006
Biggs, J., Williams, P., Whitfield, M., Nicolet, P., Brown, C., Hollis, J., Arnold, D. and Pepper, T. (2007) The Freshwater Biota of British Agricultural Landscapes and Their Sensitivity to Pesticides. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 122, 137-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.11.013
Cushman, S.A. (2006) Effects of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation on Amphibians: A Review and Prospectus. Biological Conservation, 128, 231-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.09.031
Van Geert, A., Van Rossum, F. and Triest, L. (2010) Do Linear Landscape Elements in Farmland Act as Biological Corridors for Pollen Dispersal? Journal of Ecology, 98, 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01600.x
Mauritzen, M., Bergers, P.J.M., Andreassen, H.P., Bussink, H. and Barendse, R. (1999) Root Vole Movement Patterns: Do Ditches Function as Habitat Corridors? Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.1999.00414.x
Peterjohn, W.T. and Correll, D.L. (1984) Nutrient Dynamics in an Agricultural Watershed: Observations on the Role of a Riparian Forest. Ecology, 65, 1466-1475. https://doi.org/10.2307/1939127
Cooper, J.R., Gilliam, J.W. and Jacobs, T.C. (1986) Riparian Areas as a Control of Nonpoint Pollutants. In: Correll, D.L., Ed., Watershed Research Perspectives, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, 166-192.
Mitsch, W.J. (1994) A Comparison of the Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Function of Natural and Constructed Riparian Wetlands. In: Mitsch, W.J., Ed., Global Wetlands: Old World and New, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 351-361.
Rodgers, J.H. and Dunn, A. (1992) Developing Design Guidelines for Constructed Wetlands to Remove Pesticides from Agricultural Runoff. Ecological Engineering, 1, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8574(92)90026-X
van der Valk, A.G. and Jolly, R.W. (1992) Recommendations for Research to Develop Guidelines for the Use of Wetlands to Control Rural Nonpoint Source Pollution. Ecological Engineering, 1, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-8574(92)90028-Z
Basset, A. and Abbiati, M. (2004) Challenges to Transitional Water Monitoring: Ecological Descriptors and Scales. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 14, S1-S3. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.669
Solimini, A.G., Bazzanti, M., Ruggiero, A. and Carchini, G. (2008) Developing a Multimetric Index of Ecological Integrity Based on Macroinvertebrates of Mountain Ponds in Central Italy. Hydrobiologia, 597, 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9226-7
Stenert, C. and Maltchik, L. (2007) Influence of Area, Altitude and Hydroperiod on Macroinvertebrate Communities in Southern Brazil Wetlands. Marine and Freshwater Research, 58, 993-1001. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF07073
Edirisinghe, J.P. and Bambaradeniya, C.N.B. (2006) Rice Fields: An Ecosystem Rich in Biodiversity. Journal of National Science Foundation Sri Lanka, 34, 57-59. https://doi.org/10.4038/jnsfsr.v34i2.2084
Watanabe, I. and Roger, P.A. (1985) Ecology of Flooded Rice Fields. In: Banta, S. and Mendoza, C.V., Eds., Wetland Soils: Characterization, Classification, and Utilization, International Rice Research Institute, Manila, Philippines, 229-243.
Grant, I.F. and Alexander, M. (1981) Grazing of Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacterial in Flooded Soils by Cyprus sp. (Ostracoda). Soil Science Society of America Journal, 45, 773-777. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1981.03615995004500040019x
Clare, S. and Sass, G. (2012) Riparian Lands in Alberta: Current State, Conservation Tools, and Management Approaches. Report Prepared for Riparian Land Conservation & Management Team, Alberta Water Council, Edmonton, Alberta. Fiera Biological Consulting Ltd. Report #1163.
Naiman, R.J., Decamps, H. and Pollock, M. (1993) The Role of Riparian Corridors in Maintaining Regional Biodiversity. Ecological Applications, 3, 209-312. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941822
Naiman, R.J. and Decamps, H. (1997) The Ecology of Interfaces-Riparian Zones. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic, 28, 621-658. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.28.1.621
Alexander, L.C., Autrey, B., DeMeester, J., Fritz, K.M., Goodrich, D.C., Kepner, W.G. and Wigington, P.J. (2015) Connectivity of Streams and Wetlands to Downstream Waters: A Review and Synthesis of the Scientific Evidence. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.
Beraldi-Campesi, H. (2013) Early Life on Land and the First Terrestrial Ecosystems. Ecological Processes, 2, 1. http://www.ecologicalprocesses.com/content/2/1/1 https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-1709-2-1
Retallack, G.J. (1986) Reappraisal of a 2200 Ma-Old Paleosol near Waterval Onder, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 32, 195-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(86)90007-0
Romans, B.W. and Graham, S.A. (2013) A Deep-Time Perspective of Land-Ocean Linkages in the Sedimentary Record. Annual Review of Marine Science, 5, 69-94. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172426
Ribera, I. (2008) Habitat Constraints and the Generation of Diversity in Freshwater Macroinvertebrates. In: Lancaster, J. and Briers, R.A., Eds., Aquatic Insects: Challenges to Populations, CAB International Publishing, Wallingford, 289-311. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781845933968.0289
Arribas, P., Velasco, J., Abellan, P., Sanchez-Fernandez, D., Andujar, C., Calosi, P., Millan, A., Ribera, I. and Bilton, D.T. (2012) Dispersal Ability Rather than Ecological Tolerance Drives Differences in Range Size between Lentic and Lotic Water Beetles (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Journal of Biogeography, 39, 984-994. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02641.x
Hof, C., Brandle, M. and Brandl, R. (2006) Lentic Odonates have Larger and More Northern Ranges than Lotic Species. Journal of Biogeography, 33, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01358.x
Damm, S., Dijkstra, K.D.B. and Hadrys, H. (2010) Red Drifters and Dark Residents: The Phylogeny and Ecology of a Plio-Pleistocene Dragonfly Radiation Reflects Africa’s Changing Environment (Odonata, Libellulidae, Trithemis). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 54, 870-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.12.006
Scott, D.A. and Jones, T.A. (1995) Classification and Inventory of Wetlands: A Global Overview. In: Finlayson, C.M. and vander Valk, A.G., Eds., Classification and Inventory of the World’s Wetlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0427-2_2
Rheinhardt, R.D., Rheinhardt, M.C., Brinson, M.M. and Faser, K. (1998) Forested Wetlands of Low Order Streams in the Inner Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA. Wetlands, 18, 365-378. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03161531
WES Environmental Laboratory (1987) U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual. U.S. Army Engineer Waterway Experiment Station Technical Report Y-87-1.
Wharton, C.H., Kitchens, W.M. and Sipe, T.W. (1982) The Ecology of Bottomland Hardwood Swamps of the Southeast: A Community Profile. FWS/OBS-81/37, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC, 133.
Hupp, C.R. (1988) Plant Ecological Aspects of Flood Geomorphology and Paleoflood History. In: Baker, V.R., Kochel, R.C. and Patton, P.C., Eds., Flood Geomorphology, Wiley, New York, 335-356.
Gould, W.A. and Walker, M.D. (1997) Landscape-Scale Patterns in Plant Species Richness along an Arctic River. Canadian Journal of Botany, 75, 1748-1765. https://doi.org/10.1139/b97-889
Ferreira, L.V. and Stohlgren, T.J. (1999) Effects of River Level Fluctuation on Plant Species Richness, Diversity, and Distribution in a Floodplain Forest in Central Amazonia. Oecologia, 120, 582-587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050893
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa (DWAF) (2005) A Practical Field Procedure for Identification and Delineation of Wetlands and Riparian Areas. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria.
Comin, F.A. and Williams, W.D. (1994) Parched Continents: Our Common Future? In: Maralef, R., Ed., Limnology Now: A Paradigm of Planetary Problems, Elsevier Science B.V., New York.
Nevada Division of Water Planning (1999) Water Words Dictionary, 8th Edition, Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Carson City, NV.
Poff, N.L. and Hart, D.D. (2002) How Dams Vary and Why it Matters for the Emerging Science of Dam Removal an Ecological Classification of Dams is Needed to Characterize How the Tremendous Variation in the Size, Operational Mode, Age, and Number of Dams in a River Basin Influences the Potential for Restoring Regulated Rivers via Dam Removal. BioScience, 52, 659-668. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0659:HDVAWI]2.0.CO;2
Summerfelt, R.C. (1993) Lake and Reservoir Habitat Management. In: Kohler, C.C. and Hubert, W.A., Eds., Inland Fisheries Management in North America, 2nd Edition, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD, 594.