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| [9] | Mbeke, P.O. (2008) Background Note: The Media, Legal, Regulatory and Policy Environment in Kenya: A Historical Briefing. BBC World Service Trust, Nairobi.
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| [10] | Media Council Act (2013) National Council for Law Reporting, Nairobi.
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| [11] | (2013) The Kenya Information and Communications (Amendment) Act. National Council for Law Reporting, Nairobi.
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| [13] | Wanyama, L.L. (2015) Media Control in Kenya: The State of Broadcasting under the New Kenya Information and Communication Act of 2013. New Media and Mass Communication, 33, 17-22.
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| [14] | Bosire, J. (2016) Laws Negate Self-Regulation of Media. http://bit.ly/2MkPtzQ
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| [15] | Mijatovi？, D. (2011) Protection of Journalists from Violence. In: Hammarberg, T., Ed., Human Rights and a Changing Media Landscape, Council of Europe Publishing, Strasbourg, 21-46.
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| [16] | (1997) Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act. South Africa, Sec. 16.
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| [17] | Limpitlaw, J. (2012) Media Law Handbook for Southern Africa: Volume 1. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, Johannesburg, 214.
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| [18] | Delaney, S. (2007) The Media and the Law: A Handbook for Community Journalists. Freedom of Expression Institute, Johannesburg.
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| [19] | Schultz, J. (1998) Reviving the Fourth Estate: Democracy, Accountability and the Media. Cambridge University Press, New York.
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| [20] | Pilger, J. (2005) Introduction. In: Pilger, J., Ed., Tell Me No Lies: Investiga-tive Journalism and Its Triumphs, Random House, London, 13.
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| [21] | Godwin, M. (2003) Cyber Rights: Defending Free Speech in the Digital Age. MIT Press, London, 10. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2258.001.0001
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| [24] | Nyanjom, O. (2012) Factually True, Legally Untrue: Political Media Ownership in Kenya. Internews in Kenya. https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.1.1933.4485
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| [26] | Horwitz, R.B. and Currie, W. (2007) Another Instance Where Privatization Trumped Liberalization: The Politics of Telecommunications Reform in South Africa—A Ten-Year Retrospective. Telecommunications Policy, 31, 445-462.
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| [27] | Respondent Three (2017) Interview with Author on 21 December. Durban.
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| [28] | Theobald, S., Anthony, C. and Makuwerere, P. (2016) Who Owns the News Media? A Study of the Shareholding of South Africa’s Major Media Companies. Intellidex (Pty) Ltd., Sandton, 6.
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| [29] | Respondent Seven (2017) Interview with Author on 16 November. Pietermaritzburg.
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| [30] | Phakathi, B. (2016) SA’s Commercial News Media Is “Substantially Black-Owned”.
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| [31] | Ogola, G. (2011) The Political Economy of the Media in Kenya: From Kenyatta’s Nation-Building Press to Kibaki’s Local-Language FM Radio. Africa Today, 57, 77-95. https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.57.3.77
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| [32] | Respondent Nine (2018) Interview with the Author on 1 February. Nairo-bi.
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| [33] | Respondent Ten (2018) Interview with the Author on 5 February. Nairobi.
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| [34] | Grapevine (2018) Did President Uhuru Give Wrong Man a Ministry Job?
http://bit.ly/2w8qqX8
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| [35] | Grapevine (2018) I Did Not Ask Uhuru to Be an Ambassador, Former CS “Rejects” New Post. http://bit.ly/2o298Xv
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| [36] | Respondent Twelve (2018) Interview with the Author on 17 February. Nairobi.
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| [37] | Ismail, J.A. and Deane, J. (2008) The 2007 General Election in Kenya and Its Aftermath: The Role of Local Language Media. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 13, 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161208319510
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| [38] | Respondent Eleven (2018) Interview with the Author on 6 February. Nairobi.
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| [39] | Namunane, B. (2017) Government Sets Own Paper, Bans Adverts.
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| [40] | Otieno, B. (2018) Practicing Journalism without Accreditation to Be Criminalized.
http://bit.ly/2MzG4VY
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| [41] | Respondent One (2017) Interview with the Author on 27 November. Durban.
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| [42] | Chabalala, J. (2018) SABC Inquiry: EFF Says It Was a Victim of Editorial Interference. http://bit.ly/2vo6b6K
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| [43] | Krüger, F. (2017) Why Media Freedom Remains Fragile in South Africa.
http://bit.ly/2LXwsD2
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| [44] | Cowling, L. (2015) Media Feel Pressure as Divisions Widen on the Role of Journalists in South Africa. http://bit.ly/2Av5xKE
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| [45] | Reid, J. and Isaacs, T. (2015) Press Regulation in South Africa: An Analysis of the Press Council of South Africa, the Press Freedom Commission and Related Discourses. Media Policy and Democracy Project, Johannesburg.
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| [46] | Emdon, C. (1998) Civil Society and the Media. In: Duncan, J. and Seleoane, M., Eds., Media and Democracy in South Africa, Human Science Research Council, Pretoria, 195-210.
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| [47] | Muirhead, N. (2016) A View from Outside: Is South Africa’s Media Transformed?
http://bit.ly/2w6O3yN
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| [48] | Wasserman, H. (2010) Tabloid Journalism in South Africa: True Story! Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
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| [49] | Chung, F. (2017) South African Farmers Block Highways in “Black Monday” Protest against Farm Murders. https://goo.gl/BDEkkG
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| [50] | Andersen, N. (2018) Malema Attacks eNCA, Says Channel’s Policy Is to “Promote White Supremacy”. http://bit.ly/2vsoOXb
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| [51] | Respondent Four (2017) Interview with the Author on 27 November. Pietermaritzburg.
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| [52] | Government Communication and Information System (2018) Communication & Information Services to Media. http://bit.ly/2P8e0FW
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| [53] | Koske, L.C. (2016) International Media Representation and the Tourism Sector Performance in Kenya: A Study of Cable News Network’s Coverage of Kenya (2011-2015). Masters of Arts in International Studies Master’s Thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi. http://bit.ly/2od0g16
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| [54] | Staff Reporter (2009) International Media Coverage of SA Improves Despite Zuma.
http://bit.ly/2o9W4z4
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| [55] | White, R. (2015) SA’s Image Tarnished by Recent News Headlines.
http://bit.ly/2MwEHqQ
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| [56] | Mthembu, J. (2015) Media Lose Veneer of Objectivity with #ZumaMustFall.
http://bit.ly/2wqgPKD
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| [57] | Spector, J.B. (2013) Does Jacob Zuma Really Hate the West? http://bit.ly/2PankJd
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| [58] | Herman, E.S. and Chomsky, N. (2008) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. The Bodley Head Random House, London, 363.
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| [59] | Chomsky, N. (2002) Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda. 2nd Edition, Seven Stories Press, New York, 12.
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| [60] | Robinson, P. (1999) The CNN Effect: Can the News Media Drive Foreign Policy? Review of International Studies, 25, 301-309.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210599003010
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| [61] | Boaz, C. (2010) Swallowing Camels: How the Media Misinterpret Nonviolent Struggles. International Center for Nonviolent Conflict, Webinar.
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| [62] | Chebii, Z.K. (2014) The Role of Media in Conflict Management: The Case of Electoral Conflict in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Master of Arts (Peace & Conflict Studies) Master’s Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi. http://bit.ly/2Mc7Iag
https://doi.org/10.15640/jgpc.v3n2a3
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| [63] | Gathara, P. (2017) When the Press Fails the People: A Critique of Kenya’s Media.
http://bit.ly/2OyLCMN
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| [64] | The Star Reporter (2018) NASA Threatens to Boycott Nation Media Products over Unfair Reportage. http://bit.ly/2M8eoqd
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| [65] | Burke, J. (2018) Kenya’s Opposition Swears in Raila Odinga as “People’s President”.
http://bit.ly/2w4PkWV
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| [66] | Oyaya, C.O. and Poku, N.K. (2018) The Making of the Constitution of Kenya: A Century of Struggle and the Future of Constitutionalism. Routledge, New York, 250.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315573533
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| [67] | Ahere, J.R. (2018) When a Compatriot Becomes a Foe: Political Parties and Violent Elections in Kenya and South Africa. Journal of African Elections, 17, 25-48.
https://doi.org/10.20940/JAE/2018/v17i1a2
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| [68] | Respondent Two (2017) Interview with the Author on 7 November. Pietermaritzburg.
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| [69] | Respondent Six (2017) Interview with Author on 29 November. Durban.
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| [70] | Respondent Five (2017) Interview with the Author on 4 December. Pietermaritzburg.
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| [71] | Dodovu, C. (2017) Gupta-Owned ANN7’s Propaganda a Big Turn-Off.
http://bit.ly/2KGSLs3
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| [72] | Respondent Eight (2017) Interview with Author on 15 November. Durban.
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| [73] | De Haas, M.E. (2016) The Killing Fields of KZN: Local Government Elections, Violence and Democracy in 2016. South African Crime Quarterly, No. 57, 43-53.
https://doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2016/v0n57a456
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| [74] | Onyebadi, U. and Oyedeji, T. (2012) Newspaper Coverage of Post Political Election Violence in Africa: An Assessment of the Kenyan Example. Media, War & Conflict, 4, 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750635211420768
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| [75] | Betz, M. (2017) How Media Can Be an Instrument of Peace in Conflict-Prone Settings. Paper Presented at the Media and Conflict Prevention: A Research and Policy Roundtable, Oslo.
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| [76] | Dalton, R.J. (2014) Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Industrial Democracies. SAGE Publications, London.
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| [77] | Moss, N. and O’Hare, A. (2014) Staging Democracy: Kenya’s Televised Presidential Debates. Journal of Eastern African Studies, 8, 78-92.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2013.869929
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| [78] | Gustafsson, J. (2016) Media and the 2013 Kenyan Election: From Hate Speech to Peace Preaching. Conflict & Communication Online, 15, 1-13.
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| [79] | Kenny, C. and Ahere, J. (2017) Elections Are Only Part of the Story in Kenya’s History of Post-Poll Violence. http://bit.ly/2vJqZ9J
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| [80] | Dovey, V. (1996) Exploring Peace Education in South African Settings. Peabody Journal of Education, 71, 128-150. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327930pje7103_8
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| [81] | Saunders, K.W. (2017) Free Expression and Democracy: A Comparative Analysis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316771129
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