Electricity supply in Freetown has been unreliable partly due to lack of sus-tainable alternative generation sources, and the city is beset by poor waste management system, which has led to indiscriminate waste disposal since the end of the country’s civil war in 2002, contributing to air and water pollution. This necessitates the need for research and development on Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies. Waste generation was estimated using population data from Statistics Sierra Leone (SSL), and analysed using reasonable assumptions and theories based on previous studies, and information on waste generation per capita was collected from publications and grey literatures. Energy poten-tial was estimated from the amount of waste by component and their fuel characteristics to calculate the Lower Calorific Value (LCV) for each waste category. The weighted LCV of each waste component was then calculated and added to get the LCV of the overall waste stream. The study revealed that with the population of Freetown estimated at about 1,200,000, and a waste generation per capita per day of 0.5 kg, at least 600 metric tons of waste could be generated per day or 219,000 metric ton of waste annually. About 83% of this waste is combustible, and with an overall (LCV) of 6.4 MJ/kg, the energy potential was estimated at 398.2 kWh per ton of waste, (enough to meet the electricity needs of about 50 Freetown homes in one day). This result could inform policy makers and developers that the energy sector of Sierra Leone and other developing countries with similar waste characteristics could be diversified by utilising waste resources.
Cite this paper
Ngegba, A. O. and Bertin, A. J. (2020). Assessment of the Energy Potential of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e5902. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105902.
Mustafa, M.Y., Calay, R.K. and Roman, E. (2016) Biogas from Organic Waste—A Case Study. Procedia Engineering, 146, 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.397
Makar-ichi, L., Jutidamrongphan, W. and Techato, K. (2018) The Evolution of Waste-to-Energy Incineration: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 91, 812-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.088
IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WBG, WHO (2019) Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019. International Bank for Reconstruction and Devel-opment, Washington DC.
Statistics Sierra Leone (2016) 2015 Population and Housing Census. https://www.statistics.sl/images/StatisticsS L/Documents/final-results_-2015_populati on_and_housing_census.pdf
Patel, D.A., Gotawala, U.J. and Shah, N.P. (2016) Waste to Energy-Current Practices and Potential in India. Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering, Ahmedabad, 270-273. http://www.grdjournals.com/conference -proceedings?url=conference-proceedings &id=GRDCF001&page=2&per-page=25
Dolgen, D., Sarptas, H., Alpaslan, N. and Kucukgul, O. (2006) Energy Potential of Municipal Solid Wastes. Energy Sources, 27, 1483-1492. https://doi.org/10.1080/009083190523820
Komilis, D., Evangelou, A., Giannakis, G. and Lymperis, C. (2011) Revisiting the Elemental Composition and the Calorific Value of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes. Waste Management, 32, 372-381. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ Dimitrios_Komilis/publication/518364 96_Revisiting_the_elemental_compositi on_and_the_calorific_value_of_the_or ganic_fraction_of_municipal_solid_ wastes/links/0912f50bcea3ab100f00 0000/Revisiting-the-elemental-composition
Abdallah, M., Shanableh, A., Arab, M., Shabib, A., Adghim, M. and El-Sherbiny, R. (2019) Waste-to-Energy Potential in Middle Income Countries of MENA Region Based on Multi-Scenario Analysis for Kafr El-Sheik Governorate, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.029
Moya, D., Aldas, C., Jaramilo, D., Jativa, E. and Kaparaju, P. (2017) Waste-to-Energy Technologies: An Opportunity of Energy Recovery. Energy Procedia, 134, 327-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.537
Scarlat, N., Motola, V., Dallemand, J.F., Monforti-Ferrario, F. and Linus, M. (2015) Evaluation of Energy Potential of Municipal Solid Waste from African Urban Areas. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 50, 1269-1286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.05.067
Kemausuor, F., Adaramola, M.S. and Morken, J. (2018) A Review of Commercial Biogas Systems and Lessons for Africa. Energies, 11, 2984. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11112984
Wirba, A.V., Abubakarr Mas’ud, A., Muhammad-Sukki, F., Ahmad, S., Mat Tahar, R., Abdul Rahim, R., Munir, A.B. and Karim, M. (2015) Renewable Energy Potentials in Cameroon: Prospects and Challenges. Re-newable Energy, 76, 560-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.083
Mukherjee, C., Denney, J., Mbonimpa, E.G., Slagley, J. and Bhowmik, R. (2019) A Review on Municipal Solid Waste-to-Energy Trends in the USA. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119, Article ID: 109512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109512
UN Environment (2019) Ethiopia’s Waste-to-Energy Plant Is a First in Africa. https://www.unenvironment.org/news- and-stories/story/ethiopias-waste-en ergy-plant-first-africa
Government Europa (2018) Waste to Energy Initiatives: The Next Step toward a Circular Economy. https://www.governmenteuropa.eu/was te-to-energy-initiatives-circular-econo my/91567
Hoornweg, D. and Bhada-Tata, P. (2012) What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management. https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INT URBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/3 36387-1334852610766/What_a_Wast e2012_Final.pdf
Sood, D. (2004) Solid Waste Management Study for Freetown, Sierra Leone. http://documents.worldbank.org/cura ted/en/326861468760542281/pdf/E 9421Sierra0Leone0Power0and0Water.pdf
Sankoh, F.P., Yan, X. and Tran, Q. (2014) Assessment of Solid Waste Management in Freetown, Sierra Leone towards Sus-tainable Development. Journal of Applied Sciences, 14, 2909-2924. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2014.2909.2924
Aga, O., Ouda, O.K. and Raza, S.A. (2014) Investigating Waste to Energy Potential in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. 2nd Renewable Energy for Developing Countries, Beirut, 26-27 November 2014, 7-11. https://doi.org/10.1109/REDEC.2014.7038522
Sebastian, R.M. and Alappat, B. (2016) Thermal Properties of Indian Mu-nicipal Solid Waste over the Past, Present and Future Years and Its Effect on Thermal Waste to Energy Facilities. Civil Engineering and Urban Planning: An International Journal, 3, 97-106.
Li, X., Zhang, C., Li, Y. and Zhi, Q. (2016) The Status of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) in China and Its Clean Development. Energy Procedia, 104, 498-503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.12.084
Singh, R.P., Tyagi, V.V., Allen, T., Ibrahim, H.M. and Kothari, R. (2011) An Overview for Exploring the Possibilities of Energy Generation from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Indian Scenario. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 4797-4808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.071
Gupta, S. and Mishra, R.S. (2015) Estimation of Electrical Energy Generation from Waste to Energy Using Incineration Technology. International Journal of Advanced Research and Innovation, 3, 631-634.