全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

Natural Organic Matter Removal in the Context of the Performance of Drinking Water Treatment Processes—Technical Notes

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106751, PP. 1-40

Subject Areas: Chemical Engineering & Technology

Keywords: Natural Organic Matter (NOM), Drinking Water Treatment Processes (DWTPs), Humic Acid, Fulvic Acid, Disinfection By-Products (DBPs), Blackfoot Disease

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

Natural organic matter (NOM) is a very complicated mixture of organic compounds and is detected in all groundwater and surface waters. Besides NOM has a direct effect on health, it touches the performance of drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs) and so the safety of potable water. NOM may also disturb consumer satisfaction since it could participate in undesirable colors, tastes, and odors in potable water. This work aims to provide an insight into the effects of NOM on the global quality of drinking water, comprising its possible impacts on DWTPs and soon the safety of drinking water. It outlines the parameters that touch the level and property of NOM and examines the indexes to adopt when suggesting a NOM control strategy. Water source becomes highly polluted by organic compounds at a level that chemical oxygen demand is presently used to characterize surface water and biological treatment is suggested as a process for NOM removal in the DWTPs. Such behavior was not thinkable thirty years ago. The coagulation process remains importantly influenced by practical variables such as mixing conditions and pH control. Employing membrane processes instead of singular chemical oxidation and coagulation should be more promoted as water supplies become highly polluted in organic compounds.

Cite this paper

Ghernaout, D. (2020). Natural Organic Matter Removal in the Context of the Performance of Drinking Water Treatment Processes—Technical Notes . Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6751. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106751.

References

[1]  Health Canada (2020) Guidance on Natural Organic Matter in Drinking Water. Water and Air Quality Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa. (Catalogue No. H144-67/2020E-PDF)
[2]  Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B. and Kellil, A. (2009) Natural Organic Matter Removal and Enhanced Coagulation as a Link between Coagulation and Electrocoagulation. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2, 203-222. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.116
[3]  Ghernaout, B., Ghernaout, D. and Saiba, A. (2010) Algae and Cyanotoxins Removal by Coagulation/Flocculation: A Review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 20, 133-143. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1202
[4]  Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W. and Aouabed, A. (2011) On the Dependence of Chlorine By-Products Generated Species Formation of the Electrode Material and Applied Charge during Electrochemical Water Treatment. Desalination, 270, 9-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.010
[5]  Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B. and Naceur, M.W. (2011) Embodying the Chemical Water Treatment in the Green Chemistry—A Review. Desalination, 271, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.032
[6]  Ghernaout, D. and Naceur, M.W. (2011) Ferrate(VI): In Situ Generation and Water Treatment—A Review. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 30, 319-332. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2217
[7]  Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W. and Ghernaout, B. (2011) A Review of Electrocoagulation as a Promising Coagulation Process for Improved Organic and Inorganic Matters Removal by Electrophoresis and Electroflotation. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 28, 287-320. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.1493
[8]  Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2012) Sweep Flocculation as a Second Form of Charge Neutralisation—A Review. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 44, 15-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.691699
[9]  Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2012) On the Concept of the Future Drinking Water Treatment Plant: Algae Harvesting from the Algal Biomass for Biodiesel Production—A Review. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 49, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.708191
[10]  Ghernaout, D. (2013) The Best Available Technology of Water/Wastewater Treatment and Seawater Desalination: Simulation of the Open Sky Seawater Distillation. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 3, 68-88. https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2013.32012
[11]  Ghernaout, D. (2014) The Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Ratio vs. Dissolved Organics Removal by Coagulation—A Review. Journal of King Saud University—Science, 26, 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.09.005
[12]  Ghernaout, D., Moulay, S., Ait Messaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Naceur, M.W. and Boucherit, A. (2014) Coagulation and Chlorination of NOM and Algae in Water Treatment: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2, 23-34. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.s.2014020601.14
[13]  Ghernaout, D., Irki, S. and Boucherit, A. (2014) Removal of Cu2 and Cd2 , and Humic Acid and Phenol by Electrocoagulation Using Iron Electrodes. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 52, 3256-3270. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.852484
[14]  Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Naceur, M.W., Ait Messaoudene, N. and Aichouni, M. (2014) Influence of Operating Parameters on Electrocoagulation of C.I. Disperse Yellow 3. Journal of Electrochemical Science and Engineering, 4, 271-283. https://doi.org/10.5599/jese.2014.0065
[15]  Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Irki, S., Grini, A., Naceur, M.W., Ait Messaoudene, N. and Aichouni, M. (2014) Decolourization of Bromophenol Blue by Electrocoagulation Process. Trends in Chemical Engineering, 15, 29-39.
[16]  Ghernaout, D., Benblidia, C. and Khemici, F. (2015) Microalgae Removal from Ghrib Dam (Ain Defla, Algeria) Water by Electroflotation Using Stainless Steel Electrodes. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 54, 3328-3337. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.907749
[17]  Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Boucherit, A., Ghernaout, B., Naceur, M.W., Ait Messaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Mahjoubi, A.A. and Elboughdiri, N.A. (2015) Brownian Motion and Coagulation Process. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 1-15.
[18]  Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Naceur, M.W., Boucherit, A., Messaoudene, N.A., Aichouni, M., Mahjoubi, A.A. and Elboughdiri, N.A. (2015) Controlling Coagulation Process: From Zeta Potential to Streaming Potential. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 16-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajeps.s.2015040501.12
[19]  Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Ait Messaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Naceur, M.W., Benchelighem, F.Z. and Boucherit, A. (2015) Electrocoagulation of Direct Brown 2 (DB) and BF Cibacete Blue (CB) Using Aluminum Electrodes. Separation Science and Technology, 50, 1413-1420. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2014.982763
[20]  Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B., Saiba, A., Boucherit, A. and Kellil, A. (2009) Removal of Humic Acids by Continuous Electromagnetic Treatment Followed by Electrocoagulation in Batch Using Aluminium Electrodes. Desalination, 239, 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.04.001
[21]  Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B., Boucherit, A., Naceur, M.W., Khelifa, A. and Kellil, A. (2009) Study on Mechanism of Electrocoagulation with Iron Electrodes in Idealised Conditions and Electrocoagulation of Humic Acids Solution in Batch Using Aluminium Electrodes. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 8, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.668
[22]  Saiba, A., Kourdali, S., Ghernaout, B. and Ghernaout, D. (2010) In Desalination, from 1987 to 2009, the Birth of a New Seawater Pretreatment Process: Electrocoagulation—An Overview. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 16, 201-217. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1094
[23]  Belhout, D., Ghernaout, D., Djezzar-Douakh, S. and Kellil, A. (2010) Electrocoagulation of a Raw Water of Ghrib Dam (Algeria) in Batch Using Iron Electrodes. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 16, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1081
[24]  Ghernaout, D., Mariche, A., Ghernaout, B. and Kellil, A. (2010) Electromagnetic Treatment-Bi-Electrocoagulation of Humic Acid in Continuous Mode Using Response Surface Method for Its Optimization and Application on Two Surface Waters. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 22, 311-329. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1120
[25]  Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2011) On the Controversial Effect of Sodium Sulphate as Supporting Electrolyte on Electrocoagulation Process: A Review. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 27, 243-254. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.1983
[26]  Ghernaout, D. (2013) Advanced Oxidation Phenomena in Electrocoagulation Process: A Myth or a Reality? Desalination and Water Treatment, 51, 7536-7554. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.792520
[27]  Ghernaout, D. and Boucherit, A. (2015) Review of Coagulation’s Rapid Mixing for NOM Removal. Journal of Research & Developments in Chemistry, 2015, Article ID: 926518. https://doi.org/10.5171/2015.926518
[28]  Boucherit, A., Moulay, S., Ghernaout, D., Al-Ghonamy, A.I., Ghernaout, B., Naceur, M.W., Ait Messaoudene, N., Aichouni, M., Mahjoubi, A.A. and Elboughdiri, N.A. (2015) New Trends in Disinfection By-Products Formation upon Water Treatment. Journal of Research & Developments in Chemistry, 2015, Article ID: 628833. https://doi.org/10.5171/2015.628833
[29]  Ghernaout, D., Badis, A., Braikia, G., Mataam, N., Fekhar, M., Ghernaout, B. and Boucherit, A. (2017) Enhanced Coagulation for Algae Removal in a Typical Algeria Water Treatment Plant. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 16, 2303-2315. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2017.238
[30]  Irki, S., Ghernaout, D. and Naceur, M.W. (2017) Decolourization of Methyl Orange (MO) by Electrocoagulation (EC) Using Iron Electrodes under a Magnetic Field (MF). Desalination, and Water Treatment, 79, 368-377. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.20797
[31]  Ghernaout, D. (2017) Environmental Principles in the Holy Koran and the Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 6, 75-79. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20170603.13
[32]  Ghernaout, D. (2017) Microorganisms’ Electrochemical Disinfection Phenomena. EC Microbiology, 9, 160-169.
[33]  Ghernaout, D. (2017) Water Treatment Chlorination: An Updated Mechanistic Insight Review. Chemistry Research Journal, 2, 125-138.
[34]  Ghernaout, D. (2017) Water Reuse (WR): The Ultimate and Vital Solution for Water Supply Issues. International Journal of Sustainable Development Research, 3, 36-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsdr.20170304.12
[35]  Ghernaout, D. (2018) Increasing Trends towards Drinking Water Reclamation from Treated Wastewater. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180301.11
[36]  Ghernaout, D. (2018) Magnetic Field Generation in the Water Treatment Perspectives: An Overview. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 5, 193-203. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.01.025
[37]  Ghernaout, D. (2017) Entropy in the Brownian Motion (BM) and Coagulation Background. Colloid and Surface Science, 2, 143-161.
[38]  Ghernaout, D. (2018) Disinfection and DBPs Removal in Drinking Water Treatment: A Perspective for a Green Technology. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 5, 108-117. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.02.018
[39]  Ghernaout, D., Aichouni, M. and Alghamdi, A. (2018) Applying Big Data (BD) in Water Treatment Industry: A New Era of Advance. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 5, 89-97. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.03.013
[40]  Ghernaout, D. (2008) élimination des substances humiques et des germes indicateurs de contamination bactériologique par électrocoagulation assistée d’un traitement magnétique de l’eau. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Blida, Algeria.
[41]  Ghernaout, D., Simoussa, A., Alghamdi, A., Ghernaout, B., Elboughdiri, N., Mahjoubi, A., Aichouni, M. and El-Wakil, A.E.A. (2018) Combining Lime Softening with Alum Coagulation for Hard Ghrib Dam Water Conventional Treatment. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 5, 61-70. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.05.008
[42]  Ghernaout, D., Laribi, C., Alghamdi, A., Ghernaout, B., Ait Messaoudene, N. and Aichouni, M. (2018) Decolorization of BF Cibacete Blue (CB) and Red Solophenyle 3BL (RS) Using Aluminum Sulfate and Ferric Chloride. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 32-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180302.11
[43]  Djezzar, S., Ghernaout, D., Cherifi, H., Alghamdi, A., Ghernaout, B. and Aichouni, M. (2018) Conventional, Enhanced, and Alkaline Coagulation for Hard Ghrib Dam (Algeria) Water. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 41-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180302.12
[44]  Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A., Aichouni, M. and Touahmia, M. (2018) The Lethal Water Tri-Therapy: Chlorine, Alum, and Polyelectrolyte. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 65-71. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180302.14
[45]  Irki, S., Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W., Alghamdi, A. and Aichouni, M. (2018) Decolorization of Methyl Orange (MO) by Electrocoagulation (EC) Using Iron Electrodes under a Magnetic Field (MF). II. Effect of Connection Mode. World Journal of Applied Chemistry, 3, 56-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjac.20180302.13
[46]  Irki, S., Ghernaout, D., Naceur, M.W., Alghamdi, A. and Aichouni, M. (2018) Decolorizing Methyl Orange by Fe-Electrocoagulation Process—A Mechanistic Insight. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 2, 18-28. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijec.20180201.14
[47]  Alshammari, Y., Ghernaout, D., Aichouni, M. and Touahmia, M. (2018) Improving Operational Procedures in Riyadh’s (Saudi Arabia) Water Treatment Plants Using Quality Tools. Applied Engineering, 2, 60-71.
[48]  Ghernaout, D., Touahmia, M. and Aichouni, M. (2019) Disinfecting Water: Electrocoagulation as an Efficient Process. Applied Engineering, 3, 1-12.
[49]  Ghernaout, D., Aichouni, M. and Touahmia, M. (2019) Mechanistic Insight into Disinfection by Electrocoagulation—A Review. Desalination, and Water Treatment, 141, 68-81. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23457
[50]  Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A. and Ghernaout, B. (2019) Electrocoagulation Process: A Mechanistic Review at the Dawn of Its Modeling. Journal of Environmental Science and Allied Research, 2, 51-67. https://doi.org/10.29199/2637-7063/ESAR-201019
[51]  Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A. and Ghernaout, B. (2019) Microorganisms’ Killing: Chemical Disinfection vs. Electrodisinfection. Applied Engineering, 3, 13-19.
[52]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Greening Electrocoagulation Process for Disinfecting Water. Applied Engineering, 3, 27-31.
[53]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Aeration Process for Removing Radon from Drinking Water—A Review. Applied Engineering, 3, 32-45.
[54]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Reviviscence of Biological Wastewater Treatment—A Review. Applied Engineering, 3, 46-55.
[55]  Kellali, Y. and Ghernaout, D. (2019) Physicochemical and Algal Study of Three Dams (Algeria) and Removal of Microalgae by Enhanced Coagulation. Applied Engineering, 3, 56-64.
[56]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Brine Recycling: Towards Membrane Processes as the Best Available Technology. Applied Engineering, 3, 71-84.
[57]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Electrocoagulation Process for Microalgal Biotechnology—A Review. Applied Engineering, 3, 85-94.
[58]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Greening Cold Fusion as an Energy Source for Water Treatment Distillation—A Perspective. American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy, 3, 1-5.
[59]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Virus Removal by Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation: New Findings and Future Trends. Journal of Environmental Science and Allied Research, 85-90. https://doi.org/10.29199/2637-7063/ESAR-202024
[60]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Electrocoagulation and Electrooxidation for Disinfecting Water: New Breakthroughs and Implied Mechanisms. Applied Engineering, 3, 125-133.
[61]  Cheng, M.-L., Ho, H.-Y., Chiu, D.T.-Y. and Lu, F.-J. (1999) Humic Acid-Mediated Oxidative Damages to Human Erythrocytes: A Possible Mechanism Leading to Anemia in Blackfoot Disease. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 27, 470-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00072-6
[62]  Tseng, C.-H. (2005) Blackfoot Disease and Arsenic: A Never-Ending Story. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 23, 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1081/GNC-200051860
[63]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Electrocoagulation Process Intensification for Disinfecting Water—A Review. Applied Engineering, 3, 140-147.
[64]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Iron Electrocoagulation Process for Disinfecting Water—A Review. Applied Engineering, 3, 154-158.
[65]  Ghernaout, D. (2019) Disinfection via Electrocoagulation Process: Implied Mechanisms and Future Tendencies. EC Microbiology, 15, 79-90.
[66]  Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Al Arni, S. (2019) Water Reuse (WR): Dares, Restrictions, and Trends. Applied Engineering, 3, 159-170.
[67]  Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Ghareba, S. (2019) Drinking Water Reuse: One-Step Closer to Overpassing the “Yuck Factor”. Open Access Library Journal, 6, 6: e5895. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105895
[68]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Mechanistic Insight into Disinfection Using Ferrate(VI). Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5946.
[69]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Water Disinfection: Ferrate(VI) as the Greenest Chemical—A Review. Applied Engineering, 3, 171-180.
[70]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Upgrading Wastewater Treatment Plant to Obtain Drinking Water. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5959. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105959
[71]  Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Alghamdi, A. (2019) Direct Potable Reuse: The Singapore NEWater Project as a Role Model. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5980. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105980
[72]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2019) Water Reuse: Emerging Contaminants Elimination—Progress and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 6, e5981. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1105981
[73]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Electrochemical Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Dares and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6020.
[74]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Magnetic Field Application: An Underappreciated Outstanding Technology. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6000.
[75]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Antibiotics Resistance in Water Mediums: Background, Facts, and Trends. Applied Engineering, 4, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106374
[76]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Removing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (ARB) Carrying Genes (ARGs): Challenges and Future Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6003. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106003
[77]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Is Not It Time to Stop Using Chlorine for Treating Water? Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6007.
[78]  Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N. and Ghareba, S. (2020) Fenton Technology for Wastewater Treatment: Dares and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6045. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106045
[79]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Strategies for Reducing Disinfection By-Products Formation during Electrocoagulation. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6076.
[80]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Electrocoagulation Process in the Context of Disinfection Mechanism. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6083.
[81]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) On the Treatment Trains for Municipal Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6088.
[82]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Should We Forbid the Consumption of Antibiotics to Stop the Spread of Resistances in Nature? Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6138.
[83]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Disinfection By-Products: Presence and Elimination in Drinking Water. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6140.
[84]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Facts and Future Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6139.
[85]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Domestic Wastewater Treatment: Difficulties and Reasons, and Prospective Solutions—China as an Example. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6141.
[86]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) UV-C/H2O2 and Sunlight/H2O2 in the Core of the Best Available Technologies for Dealing with Present Dares in Domestic Wastewater Reuse. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6161. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106161
[87]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Controlling Disinfection By-Products Formation in Rainwater: Technologies and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6162.
[88]  Ghernaout, D., Boudjemline, A. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Electrochemical Engineering in the Core of the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6178.
[89]  Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N., Ghareba, S. and Salih, A. (2020) Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs) for Disinfecting Water—Fresh Perspectives. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6257. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106257
[90]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Towards Enhancing Ozone Diffusion for Water Disinfection—Short Notes. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6253. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106253
[91]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Eliminating Cyanobacteria and Controlling Algal Organic Matter—Short Notes. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6252.
[92]  Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N., Ghareba, S. and Salih, A. (2020) Disinfecting Water with the Carbon Fiber-Based Flow-through Electrode System (FES): Towards Axial Dispersion and Velocity Profile. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6238. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106238
[93]  Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N., Ghareba, S. and Salih, A. (2020) Coagulation Process for Removing Algae and Algal Organic Matter—An Overview. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6272. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106272
[94]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Environmental Engineering for Stopping Viruses Pandemics. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6299.
[95]  Dai, R., Xiong, Y., Ma, Y. and Tang, T. (2020) Algae Removal Performance of UV-Radiation-Enhanced Coagulation for Two Representative Algal Species. Science of the Total Environment, 745, Article ID: 141013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141013
[96]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) An Insight in Electrocoagulation Process through Current Density Distribution (CDD). Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6142.
[97]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Disinfecting Water: Plasma Discharge for Removing Coronaviruses. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6314. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106314
[98]  Ghernaout, D., Elboughdiri, N., Alghamdi, A. and Ghernaout, B. (2020) Trends in Decreasing Disinfection By-Products Formation during Electrochemical Technologies. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6337. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106337
[99]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Foresight Look on the Disinfection By-Products Formation. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6349.
[100]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Solar Treatment in the Core of the New Disinfection Technologies. Chemical Science & Engineering Research, 2, 6-11.
[101]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Vacuum-UV Radiation at 185 nm for Disinfecting Water. Chemical Science & Engineering Research, 2, 12-17.
[102]  Ghernaout, D., Alshammari, Y., Alghamdi, A., Aichouni, M., Touahmia, M. and Ait Messaoudene, N. (2018) Water Reuse: Extenuating Membrane Fouling in Membrane Processes. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 2, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20180602.12
[103]  Ait Messaoudene, N., Naceur, M.W., Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A. and Aichouni, M. (2018) On the Validation Perspectives of the Proposed Novel Dimensionless Fouling Index. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 5, 116-122.
[104]  Ghernaout, D. (2020) New Configurations and Techniques for Controlling Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) Fouling. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6579.
[105]  Ghernaout, D. and El-Wakil, A. (2017) Requiring Reverse Osmosis Membranes Modifications—An Overview. American Journal of Chemical Engineering, 5, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajche.20170504.15
[106]  Ghernaout, D. (2017) Reverse Osmosis Process Membranes Modeling—A Historical Overview. Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 2, 112-122.
[107]  Ghernaout, D. (2020) Electric Field (EF) in the Core of the Electrochemical (EC) Disinfection. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6587.
[108]  Ghernaout, D. (2020) Enhanced Coagulation: Promising Findings and Challenges. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6569.
[109]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Dealing with Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: Engineering Viewpoints. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6363.
[110]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) Control Strategies in Electrodisinfection. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6396. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106396
[111]  Ghernaout, D., Alshammari, Y. and Alghamdi, A. (2018) Improving Energetically operational Procedures in Wastewater Treatment Plants. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 5, 64-72. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.09.010
[112]  Ghernaout, D. (2020) Water Treatment Challenges towards Viruses Removal. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6408.
[113]  Ghernaout, D. (2018) Electrocoagulation Process: Achievements and Green Perspectives. Colloid and Surface Science, 3, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.css.20180301.11
[114]  Ghernaout, D., Badis, A., Ghernaout, B. and Kellil, A. (2008) Application of Electrocoagulation in Escherichia coli Culture and Two Surface Waters. Desalination, 219, 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.05.010
[115]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Disinfection By-Products Regulation: Zero ng/L Target. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6382.
[116]  Ghernaout, D., Alghamdi, A., Touahmia, M., Aichouni, M. and Ait Messaoudene, N. (2018) Nanotechnology Phenomena in the Light of the Solar Energy. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 3, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20180301.11
[117]  Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2020) Controlling COVID-19 Pandemic through Wastewater Monitoring. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6411. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106411
[118]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) On the Other Side of Viruses in the Background of Water Disinfection. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6374.
[119]  Al Arni, S., Amous, J. and Ghernaout, D. (2019) On the Perspective of Applying of a New Method for Wastewater Treatment Technology: Modification of the Third Traditional Stage with Two Units, One by Cultivating Microalgae and Another by Solar Vaporization. International Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources, 16, Article ID: 555934. https://doi.org/10.19080/IJESNR.2019.16.555934
[120]  Ghernaout, D. and Ghernaout, B. (2010) From Chemical Disinfection to Electrodisinfection: The Obligatory Itinerary? Desalination and Water Treatment, 16, 156-175. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1085
[121]  Ghernaout, D. (2020) Charge Neutralization in the Core of Plasma Treatment. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6434.
[122]  Ghernaout, D. and Elboughdiri, N. (2020) Urgent Proposals for Disinfecting Hospital Wastewaters during COVID-19 Pandemic. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6373. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106373
[123]  Ghernaout, D., El-Wakil, A., Alghamdi, A., Elboughdiri, N. and Mahjoubi, A. (2018) Membrane Post-Synthesis Modifications and How It Came about. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences, 5, 60-64. https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2018.02.010
[124]  Stevenson, F.J. (1982) Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[125]  Thurman, E.M. (1985) Organic Geochemistry of Natural Waters. Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5095-5
[126]  Bond, T., Goslan, E.H., Parsons, S.A. and Jefferson, B. (2012) A Critical Review of Trihalomethane and Haloacetic Acid Formation from Natural Organic Matter Surrogates. Environmental Technology Reviews, 1, 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2012.705895
[127]  Aiken, G. and Cotsaris, E. (1995) Soil and Hydrology: Their Effect on NOM. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 87, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1995.tb06299.x
[128]  Kalbitz, K., Solinger, S., Park, J.-H., Michalzik, B. and Matzner, E. (2000) Controls on the Dynamics of Dissolved Organic Matter in Soils: A Review. Soil Science, 165, 277-304. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-200004000-00001
[129]  Tomlinson, A., Drikas, M. and Brookes, J.D. (2016) The Role of Phytoplankton as Precursors for Disinfection By-Product Formation upon Chlorination. Water Research, 102, 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.06.024
[130]  Pivokonsky, M., Kloucek, O. and Pivokonska, L. (2006) Evaluation of the Production, Composition and Aluminum and Iron Complexation of Algogenic Organic Matter. Water Research, 40, 3045-3052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.028
[131]  Henderson, R.K., Baker, A., Parsons, S.A. and Jefferson, B. (2008) Characterisation of Algogenic Organic Matter Extracted from Cyanobacteria, Green Algae and Diatoms. Water Research, 42, 3435-3445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.10.032
[132]  Nguyen, M.-L., Baker, L.A. and Westerhoff, P. (2002) DOC and DBP Precursors in Western US Watersheds and Reservoirs. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 94, 98-112. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb09474.x
[133]  Zhou, S., Shao, Y., Gao, N., Deng, Y., Li, L., Deng, J. and Tan, C. (2014) Characterization of Algal Organic Matters of Microcystis aeruginosa: Biodegradability, DBP Formation and Membrane Fouling Potential. Water Research, 52, 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.002
[134]  Wetzel, R.G. (1992) Gradient-Dominated Ecosystems: Sources and Regulatory Functions of Dissolved Organic Matter in Freshwater Ecosystems. Hydrobiologia, 229, 181-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00007000
[135]  Imai, A., Fukushima, T., Matsushige, K. and Kim, Y.H. (2001) Fractionation and Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake, Its Inflowing Rivers, and Other Organic Matter Sources. Water Research, 35, 4019-4028. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00139-7
[136]  Mitch, W.A., Krasner, S.W., Westerhoff, P. and Dotson, A. (2009) Occurrence and Formation of Nitrogenous Disinfection By-Products. Report Number 91250. Water Research Foundation, Denver.
[137]  Reckhow, D.A., Rees, P.L., Nüsslein, K., Makdissy, G., Devine, G., Conneely, T., Boutin, A. and Bryan, D. (2007) Long-Term Variability of BDOM and NOM as Precursors in Watershed Sources. Report Number 91186. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver.
[138]  Eckhardt, B.W. and Moore, T.R. (1990) Controls on Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations in Streams, Southern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47, 1537-1544. https://doi.org/10.1139/f90-173
[139]  Kerekes, J., Howell, G., Beauchamp, S. and Pollock, T. (1982) Characterization of Three Lake Basins Sensitive to Acid Precipitation in Central Nova Scotia (June, 1979 to May, 1980). Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie, 67, 679-694.
[140]  Curtis, P.J. and Adams, H.E. (1995) Dissolved Organic Matter Quantity and Quality from Freshwater and Saltwater Lakes in East-Central Alberta. Biogeochemistry, 30, 59-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02181040
[141]  Thorstenson, D.C., Fisher, D.W. and Croft, M.G. (1979) The Geochemistry of the Fox Hills-Basal Hell Creek Aquifer in Southwestern North Dakota and Northwestern South Dakota. Water Resources Research, 15, 1479-1498. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR015i006p01479
[142]  Aravena, R., Wassenaar, L.I. and Barker, J.F. (1995) Distribution and Isotopic Characterization of Methane in a Confined Aquifer in Southern Ontario, Canada. Journal of Hydrology, 173, 51-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)02721-Z
[143]  Diem, S., Von Rohr, M.R., Hering, J.G., Kohler, H.-E., Schirmer, M. and Von Gunten, U. (2013) NOM Degradation during River Infiltration: Effects of the Climate Variables Temperature and Discharge. Water Research, 47, 6585-6595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.028
[144]  Tubić, A., Agbaba, J., Dalmacija, B., Molnar, J., Maletic, S., Watson, M. and Perovic, S.U. (2013) Insight into Changes during Coagulation in NOM Reactivity for Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids Formation. Journal of Environmental Management, 118, 153-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.046
[145]  Ghernaout, D. (2020) Water Treatment Coagulation: Dares and Trends. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6636.
[146]  Ghernaout, D., Aichouni, M. and Alghamdi, A. (2018) Overlapping ISO/IEC 17025:2017 into Big Data: A Review and Perspectives. International Journal of Science and Qualitative Analysis, 4, 83-92.
[147]  Ghernaout, D., Aichouni, M., Alghamdi, A. and Ait Messaoudene, N. (2018) Big Data: Myths, Realities and Perspectives—A Remote Look. American Journal of Information Science and Technology, 2, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajist.20180201.11
[148]  Montreuil, K.R. (2011) Natural Organic Matter Characterization in Drinking Water. M.A. Sc. Thesis, Dalhousie University, Halifax.
[149]  Goss, C.D. and Gorczyca, B. (2013) Trihalomethane Formation Potential of DOC Fractions Isolated from Two Canadian Prairie Surface Water Sources. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 13, 114-122. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2012.093
[150]  Ekström, S.M., Kritzberg, E.S., Kleja, D.B., Larsson, N., Nilsson, P.A., Graneli, W. and Bergkvist, B. (2011) Effect of Acid Deposition on Quantity and Quality of Dissolved Organic Matter in Soil-Water. Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 4733-4739. https://doi.org/10.1021/es104126f
[151]  Ghernaout, D., Ghernaout, B. and Boucherit, A. (2008) Effect of pH on Electrocoagulation of Bentonite Suspensions in Batch Using Iron Electrodes. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 29, 1272-1275. https://doi.org/10.1080/01932690701857483
[152]  Ghernaout, D. (2017) The Holy Koran Revelation: Iron Is a “Sent Down” Metal. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 6, 101-104. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20170604.14
[153]  Black, A.P. and Christman, R.F. (1963) Characteristics of Colored Surface Waters. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 55, 753-770. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1963.tb01085.x
[154]  Anderson, L.E., Krkošek, W.H., Stoddart, A.K., Trueman, B.F. and Gagnon, G.A. (2017) Lake Recovery through Reduced Sulfate Deposition: A New Paradigm for Drinking Water Treatment. Environmental Science & Technology, 51, 1414-1422. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04889
[155]  Parsons, S.A., Jefferson, B., Jarvis, P., Sharp, E., Dixon, D., Bolto, B. and Scales, P. (2007) Treatment of Waters with Elevated Organic Carbon. Report Number 91161. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver.
[156]  Eikebrokk, B., Vogt, R.D. and Liltved, H. (2004) NOM Increase in Northern European Source Waters: Discussion of Possible Causes and Impacts on Coagulation/Contact Filtration Processes. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 4, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0060
[157]  Sharp, E.L., Parsons, S.A. and Jefferson, B. (2006) Seasonal Variations in Natural Organic Matter and Its Impact on Coagulation in Water Treatment. Science of the Total Environment, 363, 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.05.032
[158]  Emelko, M.B. (2019) Modeling Critical Infrastructure Inter-Dependencies: Considering Drinking Water Treatability for Climate Change Adaption. CWWA Window on Ottawa, Ottawa.
[159]  van der Linden, L., Burch, M., Chang, C.-H., Lin, T.-F., Baradouzi, M.A., Moglen, G., Godrej, A., Little, J. and Brookes, J. (2018) Assessment of Climate Change on Reservoir Water Quality. Project 4468. Water Research Foundation, Denver.
[160]  Shin, J.Y., Spinette, R.F. and O’Melia, C.R. (2008) Stoichiometry of Coagulation Revisited. Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 2582-2589. https://doi.org/10.1021/es071536o
[161]  Carlson, K.H. and Gregory, D. (2000) Optimizing Water Treatment with Two-Stage Coagulation. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 126, 556-561. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:6(556)
[162]  Bond, T., Huang, J., Graham, N.J.D. and Templeton, M.R. (2014) Examining the Interrelationship between DOC, Bromide and Chlorine Dose on DBP Formation in Drinking Water—A Case Study. Science of the Total Environment, 470-471, 469-479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.106
[163]  Hua, G., Kim, J. and Reckhow, D.A. (2014) Disinfection Byproduct Formation from Lignin Precursors. Water Research, 63, 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.06.029
[164]  Stalter, D., O’Malley, E., von Gunten, U. and Escher, B.I. (2016) Fingerprinting the Reactive Toxicity Pathways of 50 Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products. Water Research, 91, 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.047
[165]  Vu, B., Chen, M., Crawford, R.J. and Ivanova, E.P. (2009) Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides Involved in Biofilm Formation. Molecules, 14, 2535-2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14072535
[166]  Zhou, E., Payne, S.J.O., Hofmann, R. and Andrews, R.C. (2015) Factors Affecting Lead Release in Sodium Silicate-Treated Partial Lead Service Line Replacements. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 50, 922-930.
[167]  Rigobello, E.S., Dantas, A.D., Di Bernardo, L. and Vieira, E.M. (2011) Influence of the Apparent Molecular Size of Aquatic Humic Substances on Colour Removal by Coagulation and Filtration. Environmental Technology, 33, 1767-1777. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.555423
[168]  McVicar, M., Bickerton, B., Chaulk, M. and Walsh, M. (2015) UV254 and Streaming Current Monitors Can Improve Coagulation Control in Challenging Conditions. Opflow, 41, 26-28. https://doi.org/10.5991/OPF.2015.41.0042
[169]  Chon, K. and Cho, J. (2016) Fouling Behavior of Dissolved Organic Matter in Nanofiltration Membranes from a Pilot-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant: An Autopsy Study. Chemical Engineering Journal, 295, 268-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.03.057
[170]  Rahman, I., Ndiongue, S., Jin, X., Van Dyke, M.I., Anderson, W.B. and Huck, P.M. (2014) Fouling of Low-Pressure Membranes during Drinking Water Treatment: Effect of NOM Components and Biofiltration Pretreatment. Water Science & Technology Water Supply, 14, 453-460. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.221
[171]  Her, N., Amy, G., Plottu-Pecheux, A. and Yoon, Y. (2007) Identification of Nanofiltration Membrane Foulants. Water Research, 41, 3936-3947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.05.015
[172]  Siembida-Lösch, B., Anderson, W.B., Wang, Y., Bonsteel, J. and Huck, P.M. (2015) Effect of Ozone on Biopolymers in Biofiltration and Ultrafiltration Processes. Water Research, 70, 224-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.11.047
[173]  Tan, L. and Sudak, R.G. (1992) Removing Color from a Groundwater Source. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 84, 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1992.tb07288.x
[174]  Ratnaweera, H., Gjessing, E. and Oug, E. (1999) Influence of Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) on Coagulation Properties: An Analysis of Eight Norwegian Water Sources. Water Science & Technology, 40, 89-95. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0450
[175]  Watson, S.B. (2003) Cyanobacterial and Eukaryotic Algal Odour Compounds: Signals or By-Products? A Review of Their Biological Activity. Phycologia, 42, 332-350. https://doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-42-4-332.1
[176]  Zaitlin, B. and Watson, S.B. (2006) Actinomycetes in Relation to Taste and Odour in Drinking Water: Myths, Tenets and Truths. Water Research, 40, 1741-1753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.024
[177]  AWWA (2011) Diagnosing Taste and Odor Problems Field Guide. American Water Works Association, Denver.
[178]  Volk, C., Wood, L., Johnson, B., Robinson, J., Zhu, H.W. and Kaplan, L. (2002) Monitoring Dissolved Organic Carbon in Surface and Drinking Waters. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 4, 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1039/b107768f
[179]  APHA/AWWA/WEF (2017) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 23rd Edition, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation, Washington DC, 9711D.
[180]  Karanfil, T., Schlautman, M.A. and Erdogan, I. (2002) Survey of DOC and UV Measurement Practices with Implications for SUVA Determination. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 94, 68-80. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2002.tb10250.x
[181]  Minor, E.C., Swenson, M.M., Mattson, B.M. and Oyler, A.R. (2014) Structural Characterization of Dissolved Organic Matter: A Review of Current Techniques for Isolation and Analysis. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 16, 2064-2079. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EM00062E
[182]  Wright, B., Becker, W., Irving, J., Reinert, A., Stanford, B., Reckhow, D., Wittbold, P. and Zhao, R. (2016) Advanced Techniques for Monitoring Changes in NOM and Controlling DBPs under Dynamic Weather Conditions. Report Number 4422. Water Research Foundation, Denver.
[183]  Bolton, J.R. (2013) Ultraviolet Applications Handbook. 3rd Edition, Bolton Photosciences Inc., Edmonton.
[184]  Archer, A.D. and Singer, P.C. (2006) Effect of SUVA and Enhanced Coagulation on Removal of TOX Precursors. Journal of the American Water Works Association, 98, 97-107. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07737.x
[185]  Chow, C.W.K., Fabris, R., Drikas, M. and Holmes, M. (2005) A Case Study of Treatment Performance and Organic Character. Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua, 54, 385-395. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2005.0036
[186]  Hwang, C.J., Krasner, S.W., Sclimenti, M.J., Amy, G.L., Dickenson, E., Bruchet, A., Prompsy, C., Filippi, G., Croué, J.-P., Violleau, D. and Leenheer, J.A. (2001) Polar NOM: Characterization, DBPs, Treatment. Report Number 90877. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver.
[187]  Summers, R.S., Beggs, K.M.H., McKnight, D.M., Rosario-Ortiz, F.L. and Billica, J.A. (2013) Watershed Analysis of Dissolved Organic Matter and Control of Disinfection By-Products. Report Number 4282. Water Research Foundation, Denver.
[188]  Roccaro, P., Chang, H.-S., Vagliasindi, F.G.A. and Korshin, G.V. (2008) Differential Absorbance Study of Effects of Temperature on Chlorine Consumption and Formation of Disinfection By-Products in Chlorinated Water. Water Research, 42, 1879-1888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.11.013
[189]  Edzwald, J.K. and Kaminski, G.S. (2009) A Practical Method for Water Plants to Select Coagulant Dosing. Journal of the New England Water Works Association, 123, 15-31.
[190]  U.S. EPA (2016) Six-Year Review 3 Technical Support Document for Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rules. Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC. (EPA-810-R-16-012)
[191]  Karanfil, T., Cheng, W., Guo, Y., Dastgheib, S.A. and Song, H. (2007) DBP Formation Control by Modified Activated Carbons. Report Number 91181. AWWA Research Foundation, Denver.
[192]  Kristiana, I., Joll, C. and Heitz, A. (2011) Powdered Activated Carbon Coupled with Enhanced Coagulation for Natural Organic Matter Removal and Disinfection By-Product Control: Application in a Western Australian Water Treatment Plant. Chemosphere, 83, 661-667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.017
[193]  Bond, T., Goslan, E.H., Parsons, S.A. and Jefferson, B. (2011) Treatment of Disinfection By-Product Precursors. Environmental Technology, 32, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.495138
[194]  Ghernaout, D. (2020) Demobilizing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes by Electrochemical Technology: New Insights. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6685. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106685
[195]  Ghernaout, D. (2020) Electrocoagulation as a Pioneering Separation Technology—Electric Field Role. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6702.

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413