全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用:99美元

查看量下载量

An Assessment of the Water, Irrigation, and Food Security by a Fishbone Analysis in Turkey

DOI: 10.4236/oalib.1106929, PP. 1-19

Subject Areas: Project Management, Politics, Ecology, Environmental Sciences, Socioeconomics, Business Finance and Investment, Social Issues and Public Policy, Hydrology, Agricultural Science, Environmental Sciences, General Management

Keywords: Precipitation, Climate Change, Water, Irrigation, Food Security

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract

The use of water resources is ineffective although Turkey has insufficient freshwater resources. Dry farming is practiced in a large part of agricultural land. This land due to insufficient precipitation throughout the country is left to fallow once in two years. Agricultural drought is becoming a severe challenge for agriculture and food security, and it may also impact the wealth of farmers by agriculture income. So, it causes widespread concern among the rural population. There is a close relationship between food security and agricultural irrigation. Ensuring food security against population increase is the main responsibility of the government via irrigation policies. Basically, these policies are divided into two as expanding irrigated areas and improving efficiency in irrigation by new irrigation investments. These are water transfer from reservoirs to dry agricultural areas and improve pressurized irrigation investment. Significant efforts have been made by governments since the 1960s to reduce the risk of drought in agricultural production and to increase agricultural yields. Increasing agricultural income through irrigation and satisfying small family businesses are among the political goals of governments. However, according to the findings of this study, as the development priorities of governments changed after 2003, the share of irrigation investments in the total budget gradually decreased. Although great targets have been set for 2023, it seems difficult to reach these targets since sufficient resources are not allocated to irrigation investments. In this study, the current state of irrigation and its effects on food security were analyzed with a literature review and Ishikawa diagram, and the policies implemented by the government and relevant government agencies were evaluated. The article mainly deals with the current state of irrigation and food security targets.

Cite this paper

Yücer, A. A. and Ayhan, F. N. (2020). An Assessment of the Water, Irrigation, and Food Security by a Fishbone Analysis in Turkey. Open Access Library Journal, 7, e6929. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1106929.

References

[1]  Rosegrant, M.W., Cline, S.A. and Valmonte-Santos, R.A. (2010) Global Water and Food Security: Megatrends and Emerging Issues. In: Ringler, C., Biswas, A. and Cline, S., Eds., Global Change: Impacts on Water and Food Security, Water Resources Development and Management, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 14-47. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04615-5_2
[2]  Zhang, X., Guo, Q., Shen, X., Yu, S. and Qiu, G. (2015) Water Quality, Agriculture and Food Safety in China: Current Situation, Trends, Interdependencies, and Management. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14, 2365-2379. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(15)61128-5
[3]  Chowdhury, N.T. (2010) Water Management in Bangladesh: An Analytical Review, Water Policy, 12, 32-51. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.112
[4]  Li, J., Ma, W., Renwick, A. and Zheng, H. (2020) The Impact of Access to Irrigation on Rural Incomes and Diversification: Evidence from China. China Agricultural Economic Review, 12, 705-725. https://doi.org/10.1108/CAER-09-2019-0172
[5]  Huang, Q., Rozelle, S., Lohmar, B., Huang, J. and Wang, J. (2006) Irrigation, Agricultural Performance, and Poverty Reduction in China. Food Policy, 31, 30-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.06.004
[6]  Kiprutto, N., Rotich, L.K. and Riungu, G.K. (2015) Agriculture, Climate Change, and Food Security. Open Access Library Journal, 2, e1472. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1101472
[7]  Zhu, X.K. (2012) National Food Security Strategy from the Perspective of Modern Agricultural Development. (In Chinese) http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/xinwen/2012-07/06/content_1729123.htm
[8]  Kesuma, S.I., Maryunianta, Y. and Muda, I. (2018) Evaluation of Irrigation System to Support the Implementation of Food Security Policy. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9, 600-614 http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=9&IType=9
[9]  Wang, J., Zhu, Y., Sun, T. and Huang, Q. (2020) Forty Years of Irrigation Development and Reform in China. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 64. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12334
[10]  Maitra, S. and Pine, S. (2020) Smart Irrigation for Food Security and Agricultural Sustainability. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 10, 20435-20439. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342109279
[11]  Huang, J. and Rozelle, S. (2018) China’s 40 Years of Agricultural Development and Reform-China’s 40 Years of Reform and Development: 1978-2018. 487-506. https://doi.org/10.22459/CYRD.07.2018.24
[12]  Headey, D. and Fan, S. (2010) Global Food Crisis. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, 46-49.
[13]  Frenken, K. (2009) Irrigation in the Middle East Region in Figures AQUASTAT Survey-2008. FAO Water Reports, 34, 355-375. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i0936e.pdf
[14]  Mandara, C.G., Butijn, C. and Niehof, A. (2013) Community Management and Sustainability of Rural Water facilities in Tanzania. Water Policy, 15, 79-100. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.014
[15]  Jiménez, A. and Pérez-Foguet, A. (2010) Building the Role of Local Government Authorities towards the Achievement of the Human Right to Water in Rural Tanzania. Natural Resources Forum, 34, 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2010.01296.x
[16]  Wikipedia (2020) https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Süleyman_Demirel
[17]  SHWa (2020) Devlet Su Işleri Genel Müdürlügü 1954-2018: Su ve DSI. https://dsi.gov.tr/Sayfa/Detay/754#
[18]  Ilie, G. and Ciocoiu, C.N. (2010) Application of Fishbone Diagram to Determine the Risk of an Event with Multiple Causes. Management Research And Practice, 2, 1-20. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46567642
[19]  GDM (2020) Türkiye Geneli Alansal Yagişlar. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/yillik-toplam-yagis-verileri.aspx
[20]  IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007 Synthesis Report. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4_syr_full_report.pdf
[21]  Kamber, R., Baştug, R., Büyüktaş, D., Ünlü, M. and Kapur, M. (2010) Impact on Agricultural Irrigation and Water Sources of Global Climate Change. Agriculture Engineering VII. Technic Congress, Ankara, 11-15 January 2010.
[22]  SHWb (2011) Türkiye’nin Iklim Degişikligi Uyum Stratejisi ve Eylem Plani. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/editordosya/uyum_stratejisi_eylem_plani_TR.pdf
[23]  MoAF (2020) National Water Plan 2019-2023. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/SYGM/Belgeler/NHYP%20DEN%C4%B0Z/ULUSAL%20SU%20PLANI.pdf
[24]  MoEU (2020) National Climate Change Action Plan 2011-2023. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/iklim/editordosya/file/eylem%20planlari/Iklim%20Degisikligi%20Eylem%20Plani_TR.pdf
[25]  WB (2015) World Bank Group Turkey Partnership: Country Program. http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/eca/Turkey-Snapshot.pdf
[26]  Kibaroglu, A. and Başkan, A. (2011) Turkey’s Water Policy Framework. In: Kibaroglu, A., Scheuman, W. and Kramer, A., Eds., Turkey’s Water Policy National Frameworks and International Cooperation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 3-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19636-2_1
[27]  Tigrek, S. and Kibaroglu, A. (2011). Strategic Role of Water Resources for Turkey. In: Kibaroglu A., Scheuman, W. and Kramer, A., Eds., Turkey’s Water Policy National Frameworks and International Cooperation, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19636-2_2
[28]  Gürer, I. (2007) Global Warming, Water Sources of Turkey, Possible Interaction. Turkey 1st Climate Change Congress, Istanbul, 11-13 April 2007, 8-27.
[29]  Güngör, Y., Erözel, A.Z. and Yildirim, O. (2004) Irrigation. 3rd Edition, Ankara University Agriculture Faculty No: 1540, Lesson Book, Ankara. (In Turkish)
[30]  Sönmez, B. (2008) Guide of Aridity Control. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Soil, Fertilizer and Water Sources Center Research Institute, Technical Publication No. 33, Ankara. (In Turkish)
[31]  Piçak, M. (2008) The Crop Production Development of the Southeastern Anatolian Region Project Region on The Basis of the Economical Indicators. National Crop Symposium, Konya, 2-5 June 2008, 667-673.
[32]  Özdemir, F., Küçükçongar, M. and Kan, M. (2013) Determining the Prevalence of Wheat Varieties in Konya Province, I. KOP Regional Development Symposium, Konya, 14 November 2013, 186-193.
[33]  Sevim, Z. (1988) Erzurum Terms of Wheat Water Consumption. General Directorate of Rural Affairs, Research Institute Publications, Erzurum.
[34]  Yücer, A., Kan, M., Demirtaş, M. and Kalanlar, Ş. (2016) The Importance of Creating New Inheritance Policies and Laws That Reduce Agricultural Land Fragmentation and Its negative Impacts in Turkey. Land Use Policy, 56, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.04.029
[35]  Kodal, S., Yildirim, Y.E. and Demir, H. (2005) Farmers Participation in the Management of Public Irrigation Schemes in Turkey. (Unpublished FAO Country Paper)
[36]  Aydogdu, M. and Karli, B. (2016) Analysis of Factor Affecting Willingness to Pay for Agricultural Irrigation under Water Shortages-GAP Harran Plain Samplings. XII Tarim Ekonomisi Kongresi Bildirileri, Isparta. (In Turkish)
[37]  TURKSTAT (2020) Crop Production Statistics. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=2
[38]  Yücer, A. (2020) The Land Use in Turkey: A General Assessment and Affecting Factors. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 8, 102-116. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2020.810007
[39]  Davutoglu, A. (2014) 62th Government Programme of the Turkish Republic. https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/Tutanak_B_SD.birlesim_baslangic_yazici?P4=22237&P5=H&page1=1&page2=20
[40]  Yavuz, F. (2014) The Reasons of Decline in Agriculture, 8 December 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/gorus/tarimda-kuculmenin-nedenleri

Full-Text


comments powered by Disqus

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133

WeChat 1538708413