Many Filipino students continuously struggle to learn mathematics, and the extant literature suggests their motivation to learn may play a crucial factor in determining their success in university. It may conceivably drive students to persevere, exert more effort, and display goal-orientated behaviors. This paper examines if motivational factors such as self-concept and academic self-regulation are directly related to the mathematics achievement of pre-service mathematics teachers. A descriptive-correlational study was carried out using the purposive sampling method. A total of 71 pre-service mathematics teachers completed the survey instrument during the academic year 2023-2024 at Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology. The results revealed that pre-service teachers had moderate mathematics achievement, mathematics self-concept, and academic self-regulation. Furthermore, a significant relationship was seen between mathematics self-concept, academic self-regulation (identified and intrinsic), and academic achievement. Finally, only mathematics self-concept serves as a significant predictor of mathematics achievement. Overall, this research study highlights the importance of mathematics self-concept and academic self-regulation in improving mathematics achievement of pre-service mathematics teachers.
Cite this paper
Vergara, C. R. (2024). Examining the Relationship of Mathematics Self-Concept, Academic Self-Regulation, and Academic Achievement of Pre-Service Mathematics Teachers. Open Access Library Journal, 11, e1816. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1111816.
Mullis, I.V.S., Martin, M.O., Foy, P., Kelly, D.L. and Fishbein, B. (2020) TIMSS 2019 International Results in Mathematics and Science. https://Timssandpirls.Bc.Edu/Timss2019/International-Results/
OECD (2019) PISA 2018 Results: What Students Know and Can Do. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/5f07c754-en
Filgona, J., Sakiyo, J., Gwany, D.M. and Okoronka, A.U. (2020) Motivation in Learning. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 10, 16-37. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajess/2020/v10i430273
Tokan, M.K. and Imakulata, M.M. (2019) The Effect of Motivation and Learning Behaviour on Student Achievement. South African Journal of Education, 39, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v39n1a1510
Brunner, M., Keller, U., Di-erendonck, C., Reichert, M., Ugen, S., Fischbach, A. and Martin, R. (2010) The Structure of Academic Self-Concepts Revisited: The Nested Marsh/Shavelson Model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 102, 964-981. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019644
Bong, M. and Skaalvik, E.M. (2003) Ac-ademic Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy: How Different Are They Really? Educa-tional Psychology Review, 15, 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021302408382
Sax, L.J., Kanny, M.A., Rig-gers-Piehl, T.A., Whang, H. and Paulson, L.N. (2015) “But I’m Not Good at Math”: The Changing Salience of Mathematical Self-Concept in Shaping Women’s and Men’s STEM Aspirations. Research in Higher Education, 56, 813-842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-015-9375-x
Marsh, H.W. and Martin, A.J. (2011) Academic Self-Concept and Academic Achievement: Relations and Causal Ordering. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 81, 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709910x503501
Matovu, M. (2014) A Structural Equation Modelling of the Academic Self-Concept Scale. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 6, 185-198.
Skaalvik, E.M. and Skaalvik, S. (2006) Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy in Mathematics: Relation with Mathematics Motivation and Achievement. The Concept of Self in Education, Family and Sports, 51-74.
Passiatore, Y., Costa, S., Grossi, G., Carrus, G. and Pirchio, S. (2023) Mathematics Self-Concept Moderates the Relation Between Cognitive Functions and Mathematical Skills in Primary School Children. In: Glock, S., Ed., Social Psychology of Education, Springer, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-023-09854-3
Marsh, H.W. and Craven, R.G. (2006) Reciprocal Effects of Self-Concept and Performance from a Multidimen-sional Perspective: Beyond Seductive Pleasure and Unidimensional Perspectives. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1, 133-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00010.x
Zimmerman, B.J. (2023) Dimensions of Academic Self-Regulation: A Conceptual Framework for Education. In: Schunk, D.H. and Zimmerman, B.J., Eds., Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance, Routledge, 3-21. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203763353-1
Ryan, R.M. and Deci, E. L. (2000) Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social De-velopment, and Well-Being. American Psychologist, 55, 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Deci, E.L., Ryan, R.M. and Wil-liams, G.C. (1996) Need Satisfaction and the Self-Regulation of Learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 8, 165-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1041-6080(96)90013-8
Ryan, R.M. and Deci, E.L. (2022) Self-Determination Theory. Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, 1, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_2630-2
Pin-trich, P.R. and Zusho, A. (2002) The Development of Academic Self-Regulation. Development of Achievement Motivation, 2002, 249-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012750053-9/50012-7
Cleary, T.J., Velardi, B. and Schnaidman, B. (2017) Effects of the Self-Regulation Empowerment Program (SREP) on Middle School Students’ Strategic Skills, Self-Efficacy, and Mathematics Achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 64, 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2017.04.004
Cleary, T.J. and Kitsantas, A. (2017) Motivation and Self-Regulated Learning Influences on Middle School Mathematics Achievement. School Psychology Review, 46, 88-107. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2017.12087607
León, J., Núñez, J.L. and Liew, J. (2015) Self-Determination and STEM Education: Effects of Autonomy, Motivation, and Self-Regulated Learning on High School Math Achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 43, 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.017
Marsh, H.W., Walker, R. and Debus, R. (1991) Subject-Specific Components of Academic Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 16, 331-345.https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-476X(91)90013-B
Ryan, R.M. and Connell, J.P. (1989) Perceived Locus of Causality and Internalization: Examining Reasons for Acting in Two Domains. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749-761. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.5.749
Guinocor, M., Almerino, P., Mamites, I., Lumayag, C., Villaganas, M.A. and Capuyan, M. (2020) Mathematics Performance of Students in a Philippine State University. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 15, Article No. em0586. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/7859
Rodrigo, D.B. and Prudente, P.R. (2024) Academic Achievement of College Students in Mathematics in the Modern World in the Changing Normal. International Journal of Social Science, Management and Economics Research, 2, 1-14.
OECD (2023) PISA 2022 Results: The State of Learning and Equity in Education. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/53f23881-en
Vergara, C.R. (2021) Mathematics Resilience and Achievement Goals: Exploring the Role of Non-Cognitive Factors to Mathematics Performance of University Students Amidst of Pandemic. Open Access Library Journal, 8, e8166. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1108166
Delima, N. and Cahyawati, D. (2021) Students’ Mathematics Self-Concept, Mathematics Anxiety and Mathematics Self-Regulated Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal Pendidikan Ma-tematika, 15, 103-114. https://doi.org/10.22342/jpm.15.2.13200.103-114
Kvedere, L. (2014) Mathematics Self-Efficacy, Self-Concept and Anxiety among 9th Grade Students in Latvia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 2687-2690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.636
Goldman, A.D. and Penner, A.M. (2016) Exploring International Gender Differences in Mathematics Self-Concept. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 21, 403-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2013.847850
El-Adl, A. and Alkharusi, H. (2020) Relationships Between Self-Regulated Learning Strategies, Learning Moti-vation and Mathematics Achievement. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 15, 104-111. https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v15i1.4461
de la Fuente, J., Sander, P., Kauffman, D.F. and Soylu, M.Y. (2020) Differential Effects of Self- vs. Ex-ternal-Regulation on Learning Approaches, Academic Achievement, and Satisfac-tion in Undergraduate Students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 543884. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.543884
Adamma, O., Ekwutosim, O. and Unamba, E. (2018) Influence of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation on Pupils Aca-demic Performance in Mathematics. Supremum Journal of Mathematics Education, 2, 2549-3639. https://doi.org/10.35706/sjme.v2i2.1322
Uzun, B. and Ay-demir, A. (2020) Introjected Regulation. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Shackelford, T.K., Eds., Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_690
Mercader-Rubio, I., ángel, N.G., Ruiz, N.F.O. and Carrión-Martínez, J.J. (2022) Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Identified Regulation, Introjected Regulation, and External Regulation in Athletes. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 1003596. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003596
Gajenderan, V., Nawaz, N., Rangarajan, R. and Parayitam, S. (2023) The Relationships Between Amotivation, Employee Engagement, Introjected Regulation, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Dou-ble-Layered Moderated-Mediation Model. Heliyon, 9, E20493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20493
Abun, D. and Magallanes, T. (2018) Academic Self-Regulation of STEM of Senior High School Students of Di-vine Word Colleges in Region I, Philippines and Their Academic Performance. Texila International Journal of Academic Research, 5, 14-30. https://doi.org/10.21522/TIJAR.2014.05.01.Art003
Zamarripa, J., Castillo, I., Baños, R., Delgado, M. and álvarez, O. (2018) Motivational Regulations across the Stages of Change for Exercise in the General Population of Monterrey (Mexico). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 2368. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02368
Guay, F. (2021) Applying Self-Determination Theory to Education: Regulations Types, Psychological Needs, and Autonomy Supporting Behaviors. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 37, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735211055355
Martín-Núñez, J.L., Ar, A.Y., Fernández, R.P., Abbas, A. and Radovanović, D. (2023) Does Intrinsic Mo-tivation Mediate Perceived Artificial Intelligence (AI) Learning and Computational Thinking of Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, Article 100128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100128
Heyder, A., Weidinger, A.F., Cimpian, A. and Steinmayr, R. (2020) Teachers’ Belief That Math Requires Innate Ability Predicts Lower Intrinsic Motivation among Low-Achieving Students. Learning and Instruction, 65, Article 101220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101220
Liu, W.C. (2021) Implicit Theories of Intelligence and Achievement Goals: A Look at Students’ Intrinsic Motivation and Achievement in Mathematics. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 593715. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.593715
Rueda-Gómez, K.L., Rodríguez-Muñiz, L.J. and Muñiz-Rodríguez, L. (2023) Performance and Mathe-matical Self-Concept in University Students Using Khan Academy. Heliyon, 9, E15441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15441
Arens, A.K., Frenzel, A.C. and Goetz, T. (2020) Self-Concept and Self-Efficacy in Math: Longitudinal Interrelations and Reciprocal Linkages with Achievement. The Journal of Experi-mental Education, 90, 615-633. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2020.1786347
Daniela, P. (2015) The Relationship Between Self-Regulation, Motivation and Performance at Secondary School Students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 2549-2553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.410
Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., Song, Y. and Gong, Z. (2016) The Different Relations of Extrinsic, Introjected, Identified Regulation and Intrinsic Motivation on Employees’ Performance. Management Decision, 54, 2393-2412. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-01-2016-0007
Iya-muremye, E., Ndayambaje, I. and Charles Magoba Muwonge. (2023) Relationships of Mathematics Achievement with Self-Determined Motivation and Mathematics Anxiety among Senior Two Students in Northern Rwanda. Heliyon, 9, E15411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15411
Herges, R.M., Duffied, S., Martin, W. and Wageman, J. (2017) Motivation and Achievement of Middle School Mathematics Students. The Mathematics Educator, 26, 83-106.
Parker, P.D., Marsh, H.W., Ciarrochi, J., Marshall, S. and Abduljabbar, A.S. (2017) Juxtaposing Math Self-Efficacy and Self-Concept as Predictors of Long-Term Achievement Outcomes. Educational Psychology, 34, 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.797339
Susperreguy, M.I., Da-vis-Kean, P.E., Duckworth, K. and Chen, M. (2018) Self-Concept Predicts Aca-demic Achievement Across Levels of the Achievement Distribution: Domain Specificity for Math and Reading. Child Development, 89, 2196-2214. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12924
Clem, A.-L., Hirvonen, R., Aunola, K. and Kiuru, N. (2021) Reciprocal Relations between Adolescents’ Self-Concepts of Ability and Achievement Emotions in Mathematics and Literacy. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 65, Article 101964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101964