%0 Journal Article
%T A comparison of physical education (PE) development in the Czech Republic, Germany, and the USA - A historical perspective [Srovn¨¢n¨ª vyvoje t¨§lesn¨¦ vychovy v  esk¨¦ republice, N¨§mecku a USA ¨C Historicky pohled]
%A Petr Vl£¿ek
%J Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis : Gymnica
%D 2011
%I Palacky University
%X BACKGROUND: After the year 1989, political, structural and economic reforms caused significant changes in education in the Czech Republic, also affecting physical education (PE). Within the context of unification and globalization there are similar changes in progress in other countries. OBJECTIVE: The complex situation, fast changes and various pedagogical traditions complicate the creation of a systematic view of the current PE reforms. The objective of this paper is to describe the most important events in the history of PE in the Czech Republic, Germany and the USA and to explain their effect on the PE curriculum changes in the selected countries. The purpose of this historical analysis is to present some fundamental information about the development of PE in selected countries which will make possible further comparisons of the current reforms of physical education. METHODS: Our methodology is based on historical comparison outlining and comparing the history of the PE concepts in selected countries. RESULTS: Our results and findings show the differences in the history of PE in the Czech Republic, Germany and the USA and the crosscultural influence of the countries on the development of PE concepts. Especially the Turners from Germany influenced the beginnings of Czech and American PE in the 19th century. Other gymnastic systems entered the USA later but the philosophy of pragmatism and the influence of the modern Olympic movement brought significant changes into the American PE concept at the beginning of the 20th century. As a consequence, the gymnastic systems have been replaced with the "sport recreational" concept. In the 20th century the emphasis on physical education changed repeatedly when conflicts between countries occurred. For example the German, Czech and American PE emphasis shifted from games and sport to physical conditioning after WWI and WWII and also after the Korean and Vietnam War in the USA. Further differences in PE concepts were caused by diverse political ideologies in the second half of the 20th century. Physical education in the former Czechoslovakia was influenced by the Soviet physical culture philosophy. Popularity of sport in the 1960's and the 1970's affected the PE curricula in Western Germany, but later, in the 1980's, sport decreased in importance. After the end of the "Cold War", PE focussed on "life long activities," and the influence of American culture was visible in the PE development in European countries. Recently, an active life style has been supported and the issue of health has become an important part o
%K History
%K conception of Physical Education
%K the Czech Republic
%K Germany
%K the USA
%U http://www.gymnica.upol.cz/index.php/gymnica/article/view/167