%0 Journal Article
%T Commis, artisans, ouvriers. Les m¨¦tamorphoses du salariat dans l¡¯¨¦gypte du XIXe si¨¨cle Officers, Artisans, Labourers. The Metamorphoses of Wage Labour in 19th-Century Egypt
%A Pascale Ghazaleh
%J Revue des Mondes Musulmans et de la M¨¦diterran¨¦e
%D 2012
%I Universit¨¦ de Provence
%R 10.4000/remmm.2711
%X Cet article se propose d¡¯analyser l¡¯¨¦volution du travail salari¨¦ en ¨¦gypte pendant la premi¨¨re moiti¨¦ du XIXe si¨¨cle ¨¤ la lumi¨¨re des modifications apport¨¦es au syst¨¨me des charges v¨¦nales, qui permet aux sujets du sultan d¡¯acc¨¦der au statut de ses serviteurs en achetant le droit de toucher une r¨¦mun¨¦ration. Les r¨¦formes juridiques, militaires, ¨¦conomiques et administratives qu¡¯institue Muhammad ¡®Al  (r. 1805-1848) en ¨¦gypte vont ¨¦riger les instances de l¡¯¨¦tat naissant en source de r¨¦mun¨¦ration et point de r¨¦f¨¦rence primaire des d¨¦tenteurs de charges. Pendant la p¨¦riode 1840-1860, les recrutements de fonctionnaires et de travailleurs conna tront un repli ; et, lorsque la question du travail salari¨¦ est abord¨¦e ¨¤ part enti¨¨re dans le discours public des ann¨¦es 1880, c¡¯est sous son versant politique, comme m¨¦taphore de la tutelle coloniale. This article deals with the evolution of wage labour in Egypt during the first half of the 19th century, in light of the legal, military, economic, and administrative reforms instituted by Muhammad 'Al  (r. 1805-1848) . These reforms modified the system of venal office, whereby a sultan's subject could reach the status of servant by purchasing the right to military pay or a salary. The new institutions of the provincial state, rather than the sultan, were now the primary reference and source of livelihood for soldiers and administrators alike. Between 1840 and 1860 the replacement process was more or less completed and recruitment for State employment slowed down to a virtual, albeit temporary, halt. Thereafter, when the question of wage labour appeared as a public issue in the 1880s, it was dealt with primarily as a political matter - a metaphor for colonial occupation.
%U http://remmm.revues.org/2711