%0 Journal Article
%T Assessment of Copper and Zinc in Soils of a Vineyard Region in the State of S£¿o Paulo, Brazil
%A Gl¨¢ucia Cec¨ªlia Gabrielli dos Santos
%A Gustavo Souza Valladares
%A Cleide Aparecida Abreu
%A Ot¨¢vio Ant£¿nio de Camargo
%A C¨¦lia Regina Grego
%J Applied and Environmental Soil Science
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/790795
%X This soil acidification may increase the bioavailability of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in soils. The objective of this study was to verify the concentrations of Cu and Zn in soils of a vineyard region, including sample acidification, to simulate acid rain. The study was developed in an area of vineyard cultivation, with an adjacent land having other crops grown, in the state of S£¿o Paulo, Brazil. Soil samples were collected and GPS located under different uses and coverings. The extracted solutions used to determine the available Cu and Zn forms were diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), pH 7.3, and calcium chloride 0.01£¿M. The total forms were obtained by HNO3 digestion. The amounts of Cu and Zn extracted using DTPA were considered high in most of the samples and were greater in the areas cultivated with vineyards that had received fungicide applications for several decades. The total forms were higher in vineyard soils. The amounts of Cu and Zn extracted using CaCl2 did not have good correlation with vineyards or with other metals' forms. The results confirmed that the soil was enriched with Cu and Zn due to the management of the vineyards with chemicals for several decades. 1. Introduction Soil conservation is fundamental for the sustainable development and preservation of ecosystems and biodiversity. The soil is exposed to contamination through several anthropic activities, mainly agriculture. The contamination of soil by heavy metals results in a high risk of its productive capacity and of the balance of the ecosystems [1]. Soil has a diverse heavy-metal concentration that is dependent on the parent material from which it is formed, the formation processes, and the composition and proportion of the components of the solid phase [2]. This concentration may be affected by several anthropic activities, including irrigation, fertilizer and chemical applications, and industrial or urban sewage incorporation [3, 4]. Moreover, the concentration, distribution, and bioavailability of heavy metals in the environment are influenced by the soil type, topography, geology, and erosive processes [5]. Cultivation may cause soil contamination by heavy metals, specifically copper in vineyard areas [1, 6, 7]. The intensive use of agrochemicals with Cu and Zn in their composition may pollute the soil [8¨C10]. Historical and current applications have resulted in Cu accumulation in the soil, and total Cu quantities have been measured in vineyards worldwide. High concentrations of fungicide-derived copper in orchard and vineyard soils have been reported from around
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/aess/2013/790795/