%0 Journal Article
%T Deposition of Biogenic Iron Minerals in a Methane Oxidizing Microbial Mat
%A Christoph Wrede
%A Sebastian Kokoschka
%A Anne Dreier
%A Christina Heller
%A Joachim Reitner
%A Michael Hoppert
%J Archaea
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/102972
%X The syntrophic community between anaerobic methanotrophic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria forms thick, black layers within multi-layered microbial mats in chimney-like carbonate concretions of methane seeps located in the Black Sea Crimean shelf. The microbial consortium conducts anaerobic oxidation of methane, which leads to the formation of mainly two biomineral by-products, calcium carbonates and iron sulfides, building up these chimneys. Iron sulfides are generated by the microbial reduction of oxidized sulfur compounds in the microbial mats. Here we show that sulfate reducing bacteria deposit biogenic iron sulfides extra- and intracellularly, the latter in magnetosome-like chains. These chains appear to be stable after cell lysis and tend to attach to cell debris within the microbial mat. The particles may be important nuclei for larger iron sulfide mineral aggregates. 1. Introduction Frequently, biofilm formation in marine and freshwater systems is accompanied by precipitation of minerals. These minerals are also structurally integrative parts of the microbial biofilm [1]. In most cases, mineral precipitates are deposited in close contact to and in interaction with organic macromolecules, that is, carbohydrates and/or proteins [2]. Formation of a biomineral in a microbial biofilm may be detrimental to the organisms which is mainly due to the enclosure of the living biomass by mineral precipitates. However, also positive effects, for example, when lithified precipitates provide a matrix or scaffold for the microbial biomass, may be expected. It has also been considered that beneficial effects predominate, for example, when biominerals act as chemical filters or shield UV radiation [3]. It is known that, in certain cases, biological macromolecules influence solubility of minerals (e.g., by buffering the aqueous environment or by chelating ions) and may direct the formation of a mineral matrix in a more or less specific way. As a consequence, the shape of biomineral deposits varies considerably at narrow scales and seemingly similar environmental conditions [4]. Mineral deposits caused by the activity of microorganisms are mostly based on either carbonates or silicates [4]. These mineral phases are regularly intermixed with other organic or mineralic compounds (overviews in [2, 5]). A special case of these organomineral precipitations is microbialite formation during anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). AOM is conducted by various groups of archaea in a metabolic pathway reverting methanogenesis [6]. Mostly, sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB)
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/archaea/2013/102972/