%0 Journal Article
%T The Effect of Saturated Fatty Acids on Methanogenesis and Cell Viability of Methanobrevibacter ruminantium
%A Xuan Zhou
%A Leo Meile
%A Michael Kreuzer
%A Johanna O. Zeitz
%J Archaea
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/106916
%X Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are known to suppress ruminal methanogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms are not well known. In the present study, inhibition of methane formation, cell membrane permeability (potassium efflux), and survival rate (LIVE/DEAD staining) of pure ruminal Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (DSM 1093) cell suspensions were tested for a number of SFAs. Methane production rate was not influenced by low concentrations of lauric (C12; 1£¿¦Ìg/mL), myristic (C14; 1 and 5£¿¦Ìg/mL), or palmitic (C16; 3 and 5£¿¦Ìg/mL) acids, while higher concentrations were inhibitory. C12 and C14 were most inhibitory. Stearic acid (C18), tested at 10¨C80£¿¦Ìg/mL and ineffective at 37¡ãC, decreased methane production rate by half or more at 50¡ãC and ¡Ý50£¿¦Ìg/mL. Potassium efflux was triggered by SFAs (C12 = C14 > C16 > C18 = control), corroborating data on methane inhibition. Moreover, the exposure to C12 and C14 decreased cell viability to close to zero, while 40% of control cells remained alive after 24£¿h. Generally, tested SFAs inhibited methanogenesis, increased cell membrane permeability, and decreased survival of M. ruminantium in a dose- and time-dependent way. These results give new insights into how the methane suppressing effect of SFAs could be mediated in methanogens. 1. Introduction Methane ( ) as a potent greenhouse gas is among the most important drivers of compositional changes of atmospheric gas and thus global warming [1]. Agricultural emissions account for about 50% of total CH4 from anthropogenic sources, where the single largest one is from enteric fermentation in ruminant livestock [2]. Methane is generated by a subgroup of the Archaea, the methanogens, which are, in the ruminant¡¯s fore-stomach (rumen), dominated by Methanobrevibacter [3]. At undisturbed rumen function, proteins and polymeric carbohydrates as main components of the diet are degraded by microorganisms and fermented mainly to volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonia, hydrogen ( ), and carbon dioxide ( ). Ruminal methanogens primarily utilize as energy source to reduce to in a series of reactions that are coupled to ATP synthesis [4, 5]. As cannot be utilized in the metabolism of the animal, ruminal methanogenesis also impairs feed conversion efficiency and represents a significant waste of energy (2% to 12% of energy intake; [6]). Therefore, inhibition of ruminal methanogenesis should be approached by various interventions. Among the most effective are dietary medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs). Nonesterified lauric acid ( ) was reported to have a particularly high
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/archaea/2013/106916/