%0 Journal Article
%T Evaluation of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Risk Factors
%A Javad Golmirzaei
%A Shole Namazi
%A Shahrokh Amiri
%A Shahram Zare
%A Najme Rastikerdar
%A Ali Akbar Hesam
%A Zahra Rahami
%A Fatemeh Ghasemian
%A Seyyed Shojaeddin Namazi
%A Abbas Paknahad
%A Forugh Mahmudi
%A Hamidreza Mahboobi
%A Tahereh Khorgoei
%A Bahareh Niknejad
%A Fatemeh Dehghani
%A Shima Asadi
%J International Journal of Pediatrics
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/953103
%X Background. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders among children. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors for ADHD in children. Method. In this case-control study, 404 children between 4 and 11 years old were selected by cluster sampling method from preschool children (208 patients as cases and 196 controls). All the participants were interviewed by a child and adolescent psychiatrist to survey risk factors of ADHD. Results. Among cases, 59.3% of children were boys and 38.4% were girls, which is different to that in control group with 40.7% boys and 61.6% girls. The chi-square showed statistically significance ( value < 0.0001). The other significant factors by chi-square were fathers' somatic or psychiatric disease ( value < 0.0001), history of trauma and accident during pregnancy ( value = 0.039), abortion proceeds ( value < 0.0001), unintended pregnancy ( value < 0.0001), and history of head trauma ( value < 0.0001). Conclusions. Findings of our study suggest that maternal and paternal adverse events were associated with ADHD symptoms, but breast feeding is a protective factor. 1. Introduction Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders which is characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention in children and adolescents [1]. Prevalence of ADHD among school-aged children in different studies varies between 5 and 12% [1, 2], whereas the prevalence of this disorder declines with increasing age [3]. It is estimated that this disorder persists into adulthood in 50% of afflicted children [4]. Children with ADHD are at increased risk of antisocial behavior, learning disabilities, drug abuse, impaired academic performance, impaired executive functions, communication disorders, speech problems, and comorbid psychiatric disorders [5, 6]. Although, the pathogenesis of ADHD is still unknown, primary and secondary factors are estimated to be implicated in ADHD pathogenesis. Primary roles are shaped in the cerebral cortex by catecholamine metabolism. Also, etiology of ADHD is attributed to genetic factors in about 80% [7]. The secondary roles are created by various environmental factors [8, 9]. Some of these factors, which are associated with ADHD, are pregnancy and birth related risk factors which are classified into three groups including prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors. Regarding prenatal risk factors, a large number of studies have shown that maternal exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpedi/2013/953103/