%0 Journal Article
%T The Impact of Nanochloroquine on Restoration of Hepatic and Splenic Mitochondrial Damage against Rodent Malaria
%A Satyajit Tripathy
%A Sabyasachi Das
%A Sandeep Kumar Dash
%A Sourav Chattopadhyay
%A Somenath Roy
%J Journal of Nanoparticles
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/106152
%X The applications of nanotechnology to pharmacology are the potential appliance of biodegradable polymers and convection-enhanced drug delivery in the diagnostics and treatment of diseases. Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide that has attracted significant scientific interest during the last two decades. The present study was to evaluate the possible effects of chitosan tripolyphosphate conjugated nanochloroquine against Plasmodium berghei infection on select makers of oxidative damage and antioxidant status in mitochondria of liver and spleen. P. berghei infection was developed in Swiss mice by intraperitoneal injection of 200£¿¦ÌL of infected blood. Parasite-infected mice were treated with chloroquine and nanoconjugated chloroquine. Superoxide radical generation, nitrate level, and oxidized glutathione were increased significantly ( ) in the mitochondria of infected group as compared to control group, and reduced glutathione level, activity of SOD, GPx, GR, and GST, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were decreased significantly ( ), which were increased or decreased significantly ( ) near to normal in nanoconjugated chloroquine treated group than chloroquine treated group. So, the findings may suggest the advantageous role of nanoconjugated chloroquine against the P. berghei induced oxidative damage in hepatic and splenic mitochondria. 1. Introduction Despite years of effort, the developments of effective drug against malaria are available. To date, antimalarial drugs remain the major way to treat the disease. Presently, the most effective way of dealing with malaria is the administration of chemotherapeutic agents. Although drug treatments of malaria are currently the best means of disease management, there is an urgent need for the development of structurally novel and effective antimalarial drugs because of increasing resistance to most presently available antimalarial drugs [1¨C3]. The multiplication of the malaria parasite in the blood causes the pathology such as anemia, hemolysis, and damage of the essential organs of the host by the parasite products. Like other microbes, P. berghei is also a causative agent that should change the normal condition of host by utilizing or protecting defence factors. It is generally accepted that ROS, NO, and peroxynitrite kill intraerythrocytic malarial parasites [4, 5], but the parasite protect itself by antioxidant enzyme [6]. Reactive oxygen species are considered mediators of the inflammatory response and tissue damage in malaria. After a short period of development and multiplication, these parasites
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jnp/2013/106152/