%0 Journal Article
%T Merkel Cell Carcinoma: Chemotherapy and Emerging New Therapeutic Options
%A Laura Desch
%A Rainer Kunstfeld
%J Journal of Skin Cancer
%D 2013
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2013/327150
%X Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neuroendocrine skin tumor that typically occurs in elderly, immunosuppressed patients. Infection with Merkel cell virus (MCV) and immunosuppression play an important role in the development of MCC. Different staging systems make it difficult to compare the existing clinical data. Furthermore, there predominantly exist single case reports and case series, but no randomized controlled trials. However, it is necessary to develop further therapy options because MCC tends to grow rapidly and metastasizes early. In the metastatic disease, therapeutic attempts were made with various chemotherapeutic combination regimens. Because of the high toxicity of these combinations, especially those established in SCLC, and regarding the unsatisfying results, the challenge is to balance the pros and cons of chemotherapy individually and carefully. Up to now, emerging new therapy options as molecular-targeted agents, for example, pazopanib, imatinib, or somatostatin analogues as well as immunologicals, for example, imiquimod and interferons, also showed less success concerning the disease-free response rates. According to the literature, neither chemotherapy nor molecular-targeted agents or immunotherapeutic strategies have shown promising effects in the therapy of the metastatic disease of MCC so far. There is a great demand for randomized controlled studies and a need for an MCC registry and multicenter clinical trials due to the tumors curiosity. 1. Clinical Features Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) of the skin, formerly called trabecular carcinoma, is a rare, highly malignant neuroendocrine tumor. Clinically only a presumptive diagnosis can be achieved. Clinical features that may serve as clues in the diagnosis of MCC are summarized in the acronym AEIOU: asymptomatic/lack of tenderness, expanding rapidly, immune suppression, older than age 50, and UV-exposed site on a person with fair skin [1]. The definitive diagnosis is made by histology and immunohistopathology depicting intermediate filaments and neuroendocrine markers [2]. The incidence of MCC has been rising in recent years [3, 4]. 5 years after diagnosis, overall survival was 40% and the age-adjusted and sex-adjusted survival was 54% [5]. Infection with the Merkel cell virus (MCV) and immunosuppression are the key factors in the development of MCC. The relative risk for MCC is about 13-fold higher in HIV [6] and about 5-fold higher in solid organ transplantation recipients [7] than in the general population. On the one hand, these features might also explain the increasing
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jsc/2013/327150/