%0 Journal Article
%T Can Fluctuations in Vital Signs Be Used for Pain Assessment in Critically Ill Patients with a Traumatic Brain Injury?
%A Caroline Arbour
%A Manon Choini¨¨re
%A Jane Topolovec-Vranic
%A Carmen G. Loiselle
%A C¨Śline G¨Ślinas
%J Pain Research and Treatment
%D 2014
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2014/175794
%X Background. Many critically ill patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are unable to communicate. While observation of behaviors is recommended for pain assessment in nonverbal populations, they are undetectable in TBI patients who are under the effects of neuroblocking agents. Aim. This study aimed to validate the use of vital signs for pain detection in critically ill TBI patients. Methods. Using a repeated measure within subject design, participants ( ) were observed for 1 minute before (baseline), during, and 15 minutes after two procedures: noninvasive blood pressure: NIBP (nonnociceptive) and turning (nociceptive). At each assessment, vital signs (e.g., systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), capillary saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2, and intracranial pressure (ICP)) were recorded. Results. Significant fluctuations ( ) in diastolic ( ), HR ( ), SpO2 ( ), and ICP ( ) were found across assessments, but they were similar during both procedures. In contrast, RR was found to increase exclusively during turning ( ; ) and was correlated to participantsĄŻ self-report. Conclusions. Findings from this study support previous ones that vital signs are not specific for pain detection. While RR could be a potential pain indicator in critical care, further research is warranted to support its validity in TBI patients with different LOC. 1. Introduction Many patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are unable to self-report their pain in the intensive care unit (ICU) because of altered levels of consciousness (LOC), mechanical ventilation, and/or aphasia [1]. In nonverbal populations, use of behaviors suggestive of pain (a.k.a pain behaviors) such as grimacing, increased muscle tension, protective movements, and noncompliance with the ventilator is recommended for pain assessment [2, 3]. Unfortunately, critically ill TBI patients are commonly under the effects of high doses of sedatives or neuroblocking agents to prevent deleterious elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP). While high doses of sedatives have the potential to attenuate patientsĄŻ reactivity to sensorial stimuli (including painful ones), neuroblocking agents induce complete paralysis [2]. As such, these drugs make it challenging to use behaviors for pain assessment. Moreover, sedatives (i.e., hypnotic agents and benzodiazepines) and neuroblocking agents have no analgesic properties [4]. For this reason, clinicians cannot rule out the presence of pain in TBI patients receiving them and must rely on signs other than behaviors to perform pain
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/prt/2014/175794/