%0 Journal Article
%T Fine Tuning of Redox Networks on Multiheme Cytochromes from Geobacter sulfurreducens Drives Physiological Electron/Proton Energy Transduction
%A Leonor Morgado
%A Joana M. Dantas
%A Marta Bruix
%A Yuri Y. Londer
%A Carlos A. Salgueiro
%J Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications
%D 2012
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2012/298739
%X The bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens (Gs) can grow in the presence of extracellular terminal acceptors, a property that is currently explored to harvest electricity from aquatic sediments and waste organic matter into microbial fuel cells. A family composed of five triheme cytochromes (PpcA-E) was identified in Gs. These cytochromes play a crucial role by bridging the electron transfer from oxidation of cytoplasmic donors to the cell exterior and assisting the reduction of extracellular terminal acceptors. The detailed thermodynamic characterization of such proteins showed that PpcA and PpcD have an important redox-Bohr effect that might implicate these proteins in the e£¿/H+ coupling mechanisms to sustain cellular growth. The physiological relevance of the redox-Bohr effect in these proteins was studied by determining the fractional contribution of each individual redox-microstate at different pH values. For both proteins, oxidation progresses from a particular protonated microstate to a particular deprotonated one, over specific pH ranges. The preferred e£¿/H+ transfer pathway established by the selected microstates indicates that both proteins are functionally designed to couple e£¿/H+ transfer at the physiological pH range for cellular growth. 1. Introduction The ability to use extracellular terminal electron acceptors (e.g., Fe(III), U(VI) oxides, or electrode surfaces) in addition to the more common cytoplasmic acceptors, such as fumarate, spreads the bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens (Gs) environmental versatility [1¨C3]. However, the use of extracellular acceptors sets to the microorganism additional challenges. The first of such is the efficient electron delivery to cell exterior, and the second one is the net production of metabolic energy to support cellular growth. To address them, Gs respiratory chains are designed to permit an effective flow of electrons from the oxidation of cytoplasmic organic compounds to the outer membrane. In fact, the topology of the electron transfer proteins involved in such electron transfer is quite unusual in comparison with other Gram-negative bacteria. In addition to the localization at the cytoplasmic membrane, several electron transfer proteins have also been identified at the outer membrane of Gs cells, which constitutes an efficient interface between the cell surface and the extracellular acceptors [4¨C8]. Albeit much remains to be known on the Geobacter¡¯s electron transfer chains, it is consensual nowadays that electrons are transferred at the cytoplasmic membrane from a NAD(P)H dehydrogenase to a quinone
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bca/2012/298739/