%0 Journal Article
%T Prenatal Maternal Stress and Physical Abuse among Homeless Women and Infant Health Outcomes in the United States
%A Ray M. Merrill
%A Rickelle Richards
%A Arielle Sloan
%J Epidemiology Research International
%D 2011
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2011/467265
%X Background. This study examines whether the relationship between maternal stress or abuse situations and infant birth weight differs between homeless and non-homeless women. Methods. Analyses are based on data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2002¨C2007. Results. Homeless women were significantly more likely to experience stressful life events, abusive situations, and poor maternal health than non-homeless women during pregnancy. Birth weight among infants of homeless women was, on average, 17.4 grams lighter than for infants of non-homeless women, after adjusting for maternal age, race, ethnicity, region, education, and marital status. The impact of maternal health, stress, and abuse variables on pregnancy and infant birth weight significantly interacted with homeless status. For example, vaginal bleeding, nausea, kidney/bladder infection, and failure to receive early prenatal care had significantly larger negative impacts on birth weight among homeless women than non-homeless women. Infant birth weight was consistently lower among homeless women, more so when maternal stress and abuse were involved, across all classifications of their prepregnancy weight. Conclusion. Stress and abusive situations among pregnant women have a negative influence on pregnancy-related conditions and infant birth weight. However, this negative influence is even more pronounced among homeless women. 1. Introduction The scientific literature shows a consistent association between homelessness and stressful life events, especially among women [1¨C4]. The lower socioeconomic status experienced by many homeless women has been shown to be a major determinant of stressful life events [5]. Research has also shown that pregnant homeless women are exposed to more violence and abuse than their low-income, non-homeless counterparts [6]. Results from one case-control study in Worcester, Massachusetts showed that homeless mothers were more likely to experience severe sexual and physical assault than low-income housed mothers [7]. The same study also showed that homeless mothers had smaller social networks and experienced increased residential instability [7]. In a New Hampshire case-control study comparing homeless mothers with low-income housed mothers, homeless mothers were significantly more likely to report higher levels of stress and depression [8]. Stress and abuse are therefore associated with homelessness in women. Prenatal maternal stress and physical abuse have been shown to negatively influence pregnancy outcomes [9¨C13]. Researchers from the
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/eri/2011/467265/