%0 Journal Article
%T Synthesis of Hemopressin Peptides by Classical Solution Phase Fragment Condensation
%A P. Anantha Reddy
%A Sean T. Jones
%A Anita H. Lewin
%A F. Ivy Carroll
%J International Journal of Peptides
%D 2012
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2012/186034
%X A fragment condensation solution phase assembly of the naturally occurring CB1 inverse agonist nonapeptides, Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Phe/Leu-Leu-Ser-His-OH (hemopressins), and two other homologues: N-terminal 2-amino acid (dipeptide) extended undecapeptide, Val-Asp-Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Leu-Leu-Ser-His-OH, and three-amino acid (tripeptide) extended dodecapeptide, Arg-Val-Asp-Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Leu-Leu-Ser-His-OH, both CB1 agonists, is reported. 1. Introduction Naturally occurring nonapeptides, Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Phe/Leu-Leu-Ser-His-OH (hemopressins), derived from the chain of hemoglobin of rat, human, pig, and cow are inverse agonists at the cannabinoid CB1 receptor [1]. Sequence alignments of hemopressins from various species differ only at position 100 of the -globin chain (Figure 1) where Phe (F) in rat is replaced by Leu (L) in human, pig, and cow sequences [2]. Figure 1: Sequence alignments of the ¦Á 1-globin chain from various species. The sequence of hemopressin is underlined. Asterisks (*) indicate identical amino acids. For convenience, hereafter, nonapeptide Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Phe-Leu-Ser-His-OH, isolated from rat hemoglobin, is abbreviated as rHP and Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Leu-Leu-Ser-His-OH, isolated from human, pig, and cow, as hHP. Interestingly, the N-terminally extended homologues of hHP: Val-Asp-Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Leu-Leu-Ser-His-OH (VD-hHP) and Arg-Val-Asp-Pro-Val-Asn-Phe-Lys-Leu-Leu-Ser-His-OH (RVD-hHP), are in fact found to be CB1 agonists [3, 4]. In addition, hemopressin was recently shown to self-assemble into fibrils [5] at physiological pH. Since peptide amyloid fibril formation is implicated in Alzheimer¡¯s and Parkinson¡¯s diseases, these relatively small peptides deserve a systematic investigation into their structure activity relationships (SARs). Towards this objective, and to be able to produce the desired truncated peptides for SAR studies, a solution phase fragment condensation was adopted to synthesize these peptides and other homologues. Though the solid phase synthesis is a fast route to synthetic peptides, the classical solution phase approach by fragment condensation has many advantages where several truncated peptides are available with minimum effort for structure activity investigations. In addition, peptide fragments from solution phase synthesis can be purified, and the pure intermediates are elaborated to the desired target peptide. Also, the smaller fragments used to make larger peptides give way for easier purifications (by size exclusion chromatography) of the target peptides by taking advantage of their size
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpep/2012/186034/