%0 Journal Article
%T Diverse Effects of Glutathione and UPF Peptides on Antioxidant Defense System in Human Erythroleukemia Cells K562
%A Ceslava Kairane
%A Riina Mahlapuu
%A Kersti Ehrlich
%A Kalle Kilk
%A Mihkel Zilmer
%A Ursel Soomets
%J International Journal of Peptides
%D 2012
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2012/124163
%X The main goal of the present paper was to examine the influence of the replacement of ¦Ã-Glu moiety to ¦Á-Glu in glutathione and in its antioxidative tetrapeptidic analogue UPF1 (Tyr(Me)-¦Ã-Glu-Cys-Gly), resulting in ¦Á-GSH and UPF17 (Tyr(Me)-Glu-Cys-Gly), on the antioxidative defense system in K562 cells. UPF1 and GSH increased while UPF17 and ¦Á-GSH decreased the activity of CuZnSOD in K562 cells, at peptide concentration of 10£¿¦ÌM by 42% and 38% or 35% and 24%, respectively. After three-hour incubation, UPF1 increased and UPF17 decreased the intracellular level of total GSH. Additionally, it was shown that UPF1 is not degraded by ¦Ã-glutamyltranspeptidase, which performs glutathione breakdown. These results indicate that effective antioxidative character of peptides does not depend only on the reactivity of the thiol group, but also of the other functional groups, and on the spatial structure of peptides. 1. Introduction Glutathione (GSH) system is an attractive target for drug discovery because of its importance and versatility [1]. GSH (¦Ã-L-Glu-L-Cys-Gly) is a prevalent low molecular weight thiol in eukaryotic cells and has antioxidative, detoxificative, and regulatory roles [2, 3]. Decrease of GSH level and shifted GSH redox status are related to several pathological states, including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and immune system diseases [4]. Exogenous administration of GSH to compensate the decrease of GSH levels is not reasonable because of its degradation in the plasma and poor cellular uptake [5¨C7]. GSH and its oxidized disulfide form (GSSG) are degraded by ¦Ã-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) via cleavage of the amino acid ¦Ã-glutamate from the N-terminal end of the peptide. GGT is located in the outer side of the cell membrane, and one of its functions, in cooperation with dipeptidases, is to provide cells with precursor amino acids needed for GSH de novo synthesis. To overcome the problems with GSH administration, several GSH analogues have been created to increase the GSH level and support the functionality of the GSH system [8]. We have previously designed and synthesized a library of peptidic GSH analogues [9]. For this study, two of them, UPF1 (Tyr(Me)-¦Ã-Glu-Cys-Gly) and UPF17 (Tyr(Me)-Glu-Cys-Gly), were selected. Both molecules have an O-methyl-L-tyrosine residue added to the N-terminus of GSH-like Glu-Cys-Gly sequence to increase the antioxidativity and hydrophobicity. Previously, different groups have shown that various low molecular weight antioxidants, including melatonin, carvedilol, and its metabolite SB 211475, carry a
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijpep/2012/124163/