%0 Journal Article
%T Bladder Cancer Detection Using Electrical Impedance Technique (Tabriz Mark 1)
%A Ahmad Keshtkar
%A Zeinab Salehnia
%A Asghar Keshtkar
%A Behrooz Shokouhi
%J Pathology Research International
%D 2012
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2012/470101
%X Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignant neoplasm in men and the eighth in women. Bladder pathology is usually investigated visually by cystoscopy. In this technique, biopsies are obtained from the suspected area and then, after needed procedure, the diagnostic information can be taken. This is a relatively difficult procedure and is associated with discomfort for the patient and morbidity. Therefore, the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), a minimally invasive screening technique, can be used to separate malignant areas from nonmalignant areas in the urinary bladder. The feasibility of adapting this technique to screen for bladder cancer and abnormalities during cystoscopy has been explored and compared with histopathological evaluation of urinary bladder lesions. Ex vivo studies were carried out in this study by using a total of 30 measured points from malignant and 100 measured points from non-malignant areas of patients bladders in terms of their biopsy reports matching to the electrical impedance measurements. In all measurements, the impedivity of malignant area of bladder tissue was significantly higher than the impedivity of non-malignant area this tissue ( ). 1. Introduction Bladder cancer is an abnormal growth in the urinary bladder. It is primarily a disease of men over 65 and is rarely diagnosed before the age of 40 [1]. Bladder pathology is usually investigated visually by cystoscopy. Erythematous areas of the urothelium are usually observed but these can represent different conditions ranging from simple inflammation to flat carcinoma in situ (CIS). CIS cannot be differentiated visually from other erythematous tissues. Biopsies must be taken from the suspected area to obtain diagnostic information. The selection of biopsy sites depends on simple visual inspection and thus is effectively random and can be negative in up to 90% of the patients [2]. Visual examination of the urinary tract is possible with a cystoscope (a thin, slender tube with a tiny camera attached and a light usually from a fibre optic cable). In this procedure, a cystoscope is placed into the bladder through the urethra and permits the doctor to inspect the inside of the urinary bladder if suspicious areas of growth are seen; a biopsy (removing a small piece of tissue) will be taken for further histopathological examinations. This technique is associated with discomfort for the patient and morbidity; thus, it is important to detect this disease as soon as possible. There are different techniques which currently are available to help with the diagnosis of
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/pri/2012/470101/