%0 Journal Article
%T Effects of Air Pollution on Materials and Cultural Heritage: ICP Materials Celebrates 25 Years of Research
%A Johan Tidblad
%A Vladimir Kucera
%A Martin Ferm
%A Katerina Kreislova
%A Stefan Br¨¹ggerhoff
%A Stefan Doytchinov
%A Augusto Screpanti
%A Terje Gr£¿ntoft
%A Tim Yates
%A Daniel de la Fuente
%A Ott Roots
%A Tiziana Lombardo
%A Stefan Simon
%A Markus Faller
%A Lech Kwiatkowski
%A Joanna Kobus
%A Costas Varotsos
%A Chris Tzanis
%A Linda Krage
%A Manfred Schreiner
%A Michael Melcher
%A Ivan Grancharov
%A Nadya Karmanova
%J International Journal of Corrosion
%D 2012
%I Hindawi Publishing Corporation
%R 10.1155/2012/496321
%X An overview is given of all results from the International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments (ICP Materials), which was launched in 1985. Since then, about twenty different materials have been exposed repeatedly in a network of test sites consisting of more than twenty sites with an extensive environmental characterisation and more than sixty official reports have been issued. Recent results on trends in corrosion, soiling, and pollution show that corrosion of carbon steel, zinc, and limestone is today substantially lower than 25 years ago, but while corrosion of carbon steel has decreased until today, corrosion of zinc and limestone has remained more or less constant since the turn of the century. Unique data are given on measured HNO3 concentrations from 2002-2003, 2005-2006, and 2008-2009, and the relative average decrease was about the same from 2002-2003 to 2005-2006 as it was from 2005-2006 to 2008-2009. 1. Introduction ICP Materials or ¡°the International Co-operative Programme on Effects on Materials including Historic and Cultural Monuments¡± was launched in 1985 and had its first Task Force Meeting in March 10-11, 1986, Watford, United Kingdom. Since then, more than sixty reports in the official report series have been issued [1¨C66]. The history of ICP Materials [67] begins, however, with the history of the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP, LRTAP Convention or simply ¡°the Convention¡±). In 1979, the Member States of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) adopted the Convention as a response to acid rain, brought on by contamination of the air, killing forests and lakes even in remote places far from industrial facilities [68]. The Convention has been extended by eight protocols that identify specific measures to be taken by their 51 Parties to cut their emissions of air pollutants [69]. Worth mentioning in this context are the 1985 Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30 per cent, the 1994 Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions, and the 1999 Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone. The last of these is also named the ¡°Gothenburg Protocol¡± or the ¡°multipollutants/multi-effects protocol¡±. Already in 1980, Vladimir Kucera was approached by UNECE with a request to provide a short summary of the state of knowledge concerning the effects of sulphur compounds on materials. The reason for selecting Sweden was most likely due to Sweden¡¯s well-received case study
%U http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijc/2012/496321/