%0 Journal Article
%T Biophotonic Activity and Transmission Mediated by Mutual Actions of Neurotransmitters are Involved in the Origin and Altered States of Consciousness
%A Fangyan Xiao
%A Jiapei Dai
%A Rendong Tang
%A Weitai Chai
%A Yan Sun
%A Yanfeng Dai
%A Zehua Li
%A Zhengrong Han
%A Zhuo Wang
%J Archive of "Neuroscience Bulletin".
%D 2018
%R 10.1007/s12264-018-0215-9
%X Individual and synergistic effects of different neurotransmitters and propofol on glutamate-induced biophotonic activity in mouse coronal brain slices. A¨CE Arrows indicate the time points for application of ACh, DA, NE, 5-HT, and GABA during the maintenance period of the action of 50 mmol/L glutamate (150 min). Representative dynamic changes in the biophotonic activity demonstrated by relative gray values (RGVs) in a slice are shown in the left panels in A, B, C, and E and in the upper panel in D. The sum of the time course of the average change of RGVs from 15 continuously-processed original gray images is shown in the right panels in A and B, the middle panels in C and E, and the lower panel in D. Application of 75 mmol/L ACh, 10 mmol/L DA, or 500 mmol/L GABA resulted in significant enhancement of biophotonic activity (A, B, D, n = 6 for ACh and DA; n=5 for GABA). Two different effects were found after the application of 20 mmol/L NE (C). A sustained enhancement occurred after a brief inhibitory effect for~3 min if the action of glutamate was greater (type I, blue line, middle and right panels in C, n = 13); a slight sustained inhibitory effect occurred if the action of glutamate was weaker, and a recovery was observed after long-lasting application (type II, green line, middle and right panels in C, n = 17). 5-HT (20, 100, and 500 ¦Ìmol/L, n = 6) significantly decreased biophotonic activity in a dose-dependent manner (E, right panel). F¨CK Representative dynamic changes in biophotonic activity measured as RGVs in a slice are shown in each colored line in the left panels. The right panels show the sum of the time course of the average change of RGVs from 15 continuously-processed original gray images. The left arrow indicates the time point for application of glutamate (0 min), ACh, DA, or NE (150 min) (middle), and propofol, 5-HT, or GABA (270 min) (right) in each panel. F Glutamate-induced biophotonic activity was slightly influenced by propofol at 10 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 6) but significantly by 20 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 10) and 80 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 6), and recovery occurred after long-lasting application. G Sustained enhancement effect of 75 mmol/L ACh on the action of glutamate was not influenced by propofol at 10 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 4) but significantly by 20 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 6) and 80 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 10), and recovery occurred after long-lasting application. H The ¡°bell shaped¡± effect of 10 mmol/L DA on the action of glutamate was not influenced by propofol at 10 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 6) but significantly by 20 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 6) and 80 ¦Ìmol/L (n = 8). I The ¡°type II¡± effect of 20 mmol/L NE on the
%U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5960451/