%0 Journal Article %T Pharmacological Modulation of Vagal Nerve Activity in Cardiovascular Diseases %A Longzhu Liu %A Ming Zhao %A Weijin Zang %A Xiaojiang Yu %J Archive of "Neuroscience Bulletin". %D 2019 %R 10.1007/s12264-018-0286-7 %X Methods and indices used to evaluate vagal activity in cardiovascular disease. Vagus activity can be evaluated by (I) measurement of the vagal discharge (image adapted from Lu Y et al. [27]); (II) autonomic tone and intrinsic heart rate; (III) HRV and BRS; (IV) cardiac autonomic nerves and cholinergic nerve distribution; and (V) detection of the release of ACh into the circulation (image adapted from Zhao M et al. [6]). ACh, acetylcholine; BRS, baroreflex sensitivity; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; HRV, heart rate variability; PSYM, parasympathetic; SYM, sympathetic %K Cardiovascular disease %K Cholinergic drugs %K Muscarinic receptor %K ¦Á7-nACh receptor %K Vagus nerve %K Vagomimetic drugs %U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6357265/