%0 Journal Article
%T Beginnings of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM): Computational Artifice Assisting Scientific Inquiry and Clinical Art ¨C with Reflections on Present AIM Challenges
%A Casimir A. Kulikowski
%J Archive of "Yearbook of Medical Informatics".
%D 2019
%R 10.1055/s-0039-1677895
%X Background : The rise of biomedical expert heuristic knowledge-based approaches for computational modeling and problem solving, for scientific inquiry and medical decision-making, and for consultation in the 1970¡¯s led to a major change in the paradigm that affected all of artificial intelligence (AI) research. Since then, AI has evolved, surviving several ¡°winters¡±, as it has oscillated between relying on expensive and hard-to-validate knowledge-based approaches, and the alternative of using machine learning methods for inferring classification rules from labelled datasets. In the past couple of decades, we are seeing a gradual but progressive intertwining of the two
%K Artificial Intelligence in medicine
%K medical decision-making
%K clinical knowledge representation
%K expert systems
%K knowledge engineering
%K scientific inquiry
%K cognitive and brain science
%U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6697545/