%0 Journal Article
%T Lifetime productivity of tree cavities used by cavityİ\nesting animals in temperate and subtropical forests
%A Am
%A Karen L. Wiebe
%A Kathy Martin
%A Kristina L. Cockle
%A Mark Kurtis Trzcinski
%A a B. Edworthy
%J Ecological Applications - Wiley Online Library
%D 2019
%R https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1916
%X Tree cavities are a critical multiİ\annual resource that can limit populations and structure communities of cavityİ\nesting vertebrates. We examined the regional and local factors influencing lifetime productivity (number and richness of occupants) of individual tree cavities across two divergent forest ecosystems: temperate mixed forest in Canada and subtropical Atlantic Forest, Argentina. We predicted that (1) species would accumulate more rapidly within cavities in the speciesİ\rich system (Argentina: 76 species) than the poorer system (Canada: 31 species), (2) cavity characteristics associated with nestİ\site selection in shortİ\term studies would predict lifetime cavity productivity, and (3) species would accumulate more rapidly across highly used cavities than across cavities used only once, and in Argentina than in Canada. We monitored and measured nesting cavities used by birds and mammals over 22 breeding seasons (1995¨C2016) in Canada and 12 breeding seasons (2006¨C2017) in Argentina. Cavities were used an average of 3.1 times by 1.7 species in Canada and 2.2 times by 1.4 species in Argentina. Species richness within cavities increased with number of nesting events at similar rates in Canada and Argentina, in both cases much slower than expected if withinİ\cavity species assemblages were random, suggesting that lifetime richness of individual cavities is more strongly influenced by local ecological factors (nest site fidelity, nest niche) than by the regional species pool. The major determinant of lifetime cavity productivity was the cavity's life span. We found only weak or inconsistent relationships with cavity characteristics selected by individuals in shortİ\term nestİ\site selection studies. Turnover among (vs. within) cavities was the primary driver of diversity at the landscape scale. In Canada, as predicted, species accumulation was fastest when sampling across highİ\use cavities. In Argentina, the rates of species accumulation were similar across highİ\ and lowİ\use cavities, and fastest when both highİ\ and lowİ\use cavities were pooled. These findings imply that biodiversity of cavity nesters is maintained by a mix of longİ\lived (highly productive, legacy trees) and many highİ\turnover (singleİ\use, fast decaying) tree cavities. Conservation of both longİ\lasting and singleİ\use cavities should be incorporated into decisions about standİ\level forest management, regional land use policies, and reserve networks. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any
%U https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/eap.1916