%0 Journal Article
%T Mitigating the Threat of Nuclear-Weapon Proliferation via Nuclear-Submarine Programs
%A Frank von Hippel
%J Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament
%D 2019
%R https://doi.org/10.1080/25751654.2019.1625504
%X ABSTRACT Brazil is building a nuclear-powered attack submarine, South Korea has in the past asserted its need for nuclear-powered attack submarines to deal with the threat of North Korean nuclear-armed submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and Iran has asserted more vaguely its need for naval nuclear propulsion. All three countries are non-weapon-state parties to the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Their interest in naval reactors brings with it two challenges to the NPT: (1) The safeguards ¡°loophole¡± under which a country can withdraw nuclear materials from IAEA safeguards indefinitely for allowed ¡°non-peaceful activities¡±; and (2) A justification for the acquisition of national uranium-enrichment facilities because the international suppliers of enrichment services have peaceful-use requirements. In fact, Brazil¡¯s acquisition of enrichment was driven by its navy. It is argued, however, that nuclear-powered attack submarines have advantages over modern conventional attack submarines primarily in their ability to transit great distances at high speed whereas only a few countries have foreign military commitments requiring such capabilities. For defense of nearby waters against foreign navies, attack submarines are merely one component of a complex system of anti-submarine aircraft and surface vessels and underwater sensor networks. Conventional attack submarines are no less effective and much less costly than nuclear-powered attack submarines in this role
%U https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25751654.2019.1625504