%0 Journal Article
%T Phonological Working Memory Deficits in ADHD Revisited: The Role of Lower Level Information
%A Dustin E. Sarver
%A Joseph S. Raiker
%A Lauren M. Friedman
%A Mark D. Rapport
%A Michael J. Kofler
%A Sarah A. Orban
%J Journal of Attention Disorders
%@ 1557-1246
%D 2019
%R 10.1177/1087054716686182
%X Objective: The current study dissociates lower level information-processing abilities (visual registration/encoding, visual-to-phonological conversion, and response output) and examines their contribution to ADHD-related phonological working memory (PHWM) deficits. Method: Twenty children with ADHD and 15 typically developing (TD) children completed tasks assessing PHWM, visual registration/encoding, visual-to-phonological conversion, and response output. Results: Relative to TD children, children with ADHD exhibited deficient visual registration/encoding (d = 0.60), visual-to-phonological conversion (d = 0.56), and PHWM (d = 0.72) but faster response output (d = £¿0.66). Bias-corrected, bootstrapped mediation analyses revealed that visual registration/encoding, but not visual-to-phonological conversion, partially mediated ADHD-related PHWM impairments. In contrast, faster response output in children with ADHD served as a suppressor variable, such that greater PHWM deficits were observed in children with ADHD after controlling for their faster response output (d = 0.72 vs. 0.85). Conclusion: Results implicate both lower level (visual registration/encoding) and higher order (PHWM) impairments in ADHD. Implications for designing educationally relevant cognitive interventions are discussed
%K ADHD
%K working memory
%K information processing
%K encoding
%K phonological conversion
%U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1087054716686182