%0 Journal Article
%T Using Control Balance Theory to Examine Sports Doping Among Professional Athletes in Iran
%A Christopher M. Donner
%A Saeed Kabiri
%A Seyyedeh Masoomeh (Shamila) Shadmanfaat
%J Journal of Drug Issues
%@ 1945-1369
%D 2019
%R 10.1177/0022042619837757
%X The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) is one of the most important issues in the world of sports. At its very heart, this issue speaks to athletic integrity and competitive fairness. When athletes engage in doping, they are committing acts of deviance. The main purpose of this research, accordingly, is to explain why athletes use illegal PEDs. Specifically, we use Tittle¡¯s control balance theory as a conceptual framework. A sample of 852 professional athletes from Iran was used to test assumptions related to control balance theory, and the findings of the study generally indicated that the components of control balance theory predicted athletes¡¯ doping behavior. In addition, the moderating relationships of the control balance model indicated that the relationship between the control deficit and PED use was moderated by the variance in self-control, opportunity, motivation, constraint, perceived benefits, and provocations. Specific results, policy implications, and study limitations are discussed
%K control balance theory
%K performance-enhancing drugs
%K professional athletes
%U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022042619837757