%0 Journal Article
%T Seismogenic ULF/ELF Wave Phenomena: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives
%A Masashi Hayakawa
%A Alexander Schekotov
%A Jun Izutsu
%A Alexander P. Nickolaenko
%A Yasuhide Hobara
%J Open Journal of Earthquake Research
%P 45-113
%@ 2169-9631
%D 2023
%I Scientific Research Publishing
%R 10.4236/ojer.2023.123003
%X There has been enormous progress in the field of
electromagnetic phenomena associated with earthquakes (EQs) and EQ prediction
during the last three decades, and it is recently agreed that electromagnetic
effects do appear prior to an EQ. A few phenomena are well recognized as being
statistically correlated with EQs as promising candidate</span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">s</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">for</span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\"> short-term EQ predictors: the first is ionospheric
perturbation not only in the lower ionosphere as seen by subionospheric VLF
(very low frequency, 3</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">kHz</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">&lt;</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">f</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">&lt;</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">30</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">kHz)/LF (low frequency, 30</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">kHz</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">&lt;</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">f</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">&lt;</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">300</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">kHz) propagation but also in
the upper F region as detected by ionosondes, TEC (total electron content)
observations, satellite observations, etc, and the second is DC earth current
known as SES (Seismic electric signal). In addition to the above two physical
phenomena, this review highlights the following four physical wave phenomena in
ULF (ultra low frequency, frequency</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">&lt; 3</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Hz)/ELF
(extremely low frequency, 3</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Hz</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">&lt;</span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span><span
%K ULF/ELF Seismogenic Wave Effects
%K Statistical Significance
%K Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling
%U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=125509