%0 Journal Article
%T Proper Understanding of the Natures of Electrons, Protons, and Modifying Redundancies in Electro-Magnetism
%A Salama Abdelhady
%J Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications
%P 59-72
%@ 1942-0749
%D 2023
%I Scientific Research Publishing
%R 10.4236/jemaa.2023.155005
%X When considering electromagnetism, the unit of the Ammeter¡¯s measurement should be limited to its proper unit in ¡°Watt/Volt¡± which is, according to physical principles, the division quotient of the measured electrical power by its electrical potential. However, the Ammeter¡¯s reading has also a traditional definition as the rate of flow of electric charges whose unit is ¡°Ampere¡±. According to recent studies that define the electric charge as energy possessing an electric potential, such traditional definition is wrong as the Ammeter¡¯s reading should, then, has the unit ¡°Watt¡±. Such duality of the Ammeter¡¯s reading is due to the wrong definition of electric charges as electrons and insertion of the ¡°Ampere¡±, as a wrong unit of the flow of electric charges. This duality represents a ¡°redundancy¡± in electromagnetism as the proper Ammeter¡¯s reading, in Watt/Volt, is a unit of entropy of the flowing energy charges. Such redundancy led to further redundancies in the field of electromagnetism. In this article, it is followed the impacts of inserting the ¡°Ampere¡± as illogic unit and it is derived the proper modifications of the results of replacing the ¡°Ampere¡± by its logical substitute ¡°Watt/Volt¡±. Such modifications lead to a robust definition of the electron as an elementary particle which has an elementary charge of energy 1.602 ¡Á 10<sup><span style=\"display:none;\" id=\"__kindeditor_bookmark_start_2__\"></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\">-</span><span style=\"display:none;\" id=\"__kindeditor_bookmark_end_3__\"></span>19</sup> Joules and has a negative electric potential of 1 Volt and to a proper definition of the protons as elementary particles which are charged by a similar charge of electron, but it has a positive potential of 1 Volt. Additionally, the electron-volt is properly defined as an elementary charge whose energy is 1.602 ¡Á 10<sup><span style=\"white-space:normal;\">-</span>19</sup> Joules and whose potential is ¡À1 Volt. Such modifications also lead to improve the understanding of magnetic induction and modifying the equations that characterize the performance of electric machines. The truth of such innovative understandings is verified analytically and experimentally in this article.
%K Electric Charge
%K Magnetic Flux
%K Electromagnetic Waves
%K Entropy
%K Field-Conductivities
%K Magnetic Induction
%U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=127193