The present investigation was aimed at using quality by design approach optimization of cocrystal preparation. The challenge was too many factors affect the final purity and yield. Carbamazepine (CBZ)-succinic acid (SA) was selected as a model cocrystal for this study. A Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, specifically Central Composite Design (CCD) with the aid of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize formulation variables for the synthesis of carbamazepine and succinic acid...

Chemical Engineering & Technology 

In both nature and physicochemical treatment, virus end depends on electrostatic interplays. Suggesting an exact method of predicting virion isoelectric point (IEP) would assist to comprehend and predict virus end. To predict IEP, an easy method evaluates the pH at which the total of charges from ionizable amino acids in capsid proteins reaches zero. Founded on capsid charges, however, predicted IEPs usually diverge by some pH units from experimentally measured IEPs. Such disparity between exper...

Chemical Engineering & Technology 

Throughout the world, providing drinking water via desalination engineering becomes a more and more adopted option. With quickly progressing desalination engineering and market maturation, desalination prices are fast dropping, and the ecological effects of desalination are steadily relieved. Even if desalination is probably to stay more costly in nearly all areas than conventional water provision solutions, it could turn into progressively a solution to satisfy inevitable deficiencies for parti...

Chemical Engineering & Technology 

The crystallization of norfloxacin, an antibacterial fluoroquinolone compound, with different saturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids yields five novel pharmaceutical salts via molecular recognition. In particular, a new norfloxacin-glutaric acid salt was obtained, which was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The effect of pKa on the solubility and dissolution profile of drug salts are investigated in pure water. After the formation of salts, the solubility incre...

Chemical Engineering & Technology 

Freshwater supplies remain more and more in lack corresponding to the increased demand for several human activities. Such difficult circumstances make desalination of saline water an obligation. Desalination to take out water from saline water has been proved as a safe non-traditional water supply. Nevertheless, like any human-founded method, desalination has conducted to several influences on nature. Charged with chemical products, brine is discharged back to nature. Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emi...

Chemical Engineering & Technology 

Natural organic matter (NOM) is a very complicated mixture of organic compounds and is detected in all groundwater and surface waters. Besides NOM has a direct effect on health, it touches the performance of drinking water treatment processes (DWTPs) and so the safety of potable water. NOM may also disturb consumer satisfaction since it could participate in undesirable colors, tastes, and odors in potable water. This work aims to provide an insight into the effects of NOM on the global quality o...

Chemical Engineering & Technology 

Electrocoagulation (EC) is a very efficient process in dealing with effluent streams and separating complicated contaminants prior to the discharge of the treated water. Attention to such a technique augmented thanks to its large set of utilizations, zero—or minimal—chemical dosing demands, low waste formation, and low price. EC appears as an efficacious option to traditional water treatment techniques for the separation of a large collection of contaminants. This work examines the theories of t...

Chemical Engineering & Technology 

Taking into account its merits in terms of high efficiency and low energy consumption, electrochemical (EC) technology especially bioelectrochemical system (BES) has been applied largely in reducing different antibiotics from wastewater. BES averts the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via forming less quantity of sludge compared with wastewater treatment plants. Nevertheless, transmembrane permeability and membrane potential could be influenced by the electrical stimulation, conducti...

Electrochemistry  Chemical Engineering & Technology 

Coagulation remains a technique by which finely dispersed solids are efficiently eliminated. It has been largely expanded and remains the most unavoidable method for treating water. This review focuses on colloid stability, coagulation mechanisms, and coagulant types. It presents electrocoagulation as an option of conventional coagulation and discusses challenges in coagulation technology especially health hazards in used chemicals toxicity. As promising solutions, new developments in terms of u...

Chemical Engineering & Technology 

Killing pathogens by different electrochemical (EC) disinfection means has been largely reported in the literature, even if the influence of process variables and reactor conception on kill performance has not been well comprehended. This review concentrates on EC microbial killing mechanisms especially the free radicals’ contribution and the effect of the electric field (EF), which are by their nature poisonous to microbes. Some mechanisms have been suggested to interpret the deadliness of EC a...

Chemical Engineering & Technology