La oposición a la educación socialista durante el cardenismo (1934-1940): el caso de Toluca

this article addresses three actions taken by the clergy and parents in opposition to socialistic education during the term of president lázaro cárdenas: absenteeism, establishment of private schools, and violence against teachers. evidence is given of the roles of the civil and educational authorities in the municipality of toluca and other parts of the state of estado de méxico with regard to socialistic teaching. the project is of a municipal nature yet also presents historiographical information from the national and state levels. this perspective will orient the reader and provide an idea of the situation under study, while preventing the reader from viewing the case of toluca as an abstraction removed from the rest of the state and nation. the article includes comparisons with other regions in the state and with other states in mexico.