Renal arteriovenous fistula: A rare complication of electro-hydraulic lithotripsy

Renal arteriovenous fistula (rAVF) is an uncommon condition, usually iatrogenic and in most cases caused by percutaneous renal needle biopsy. This is a report of rAVF following flexible ureteroscopic electro-hydraulic lithotripsy of a lower pole renal calculus and its subsequent management. A high index of suspicion is required for the diagnosis of this rare complication, which is easily treated by radiological intervention