Hubble Volume and the Fundamental Interactions

In modern cosmology, the shape of the universe is flat. In between the closed space and flat space, there is one compromise. That is ‘Hubble volume’. Even though Hubble volume is virtual in the flat universe, by considering the product of critical mass density and the Hubble volume, one can estimate the Hubble mass. By coupling the Hubble mass with the Mach’s principle, one can understand the origin of cosmic, atomic and nuclear physical parameters. Thus the four fundamental interactions can be studied in a unified manner.