This work illustrates the enhancement of the sensitivity of the ELISA titration for recombinant human and native prion proteins, while reducing other non-specific adsorptions that could increase the background signal and lead to a low sensitivity and false positives. It is achieved thanks to the association of plasma chemistry and coating with different amphiphilic molecules bearing either ionic charges and/or long hydrocarbon chains. The treated support by 3-butenylamine hydrochloride improves the signal detection of recombinant protein, while surface modification with the 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-diamine (geranylamine) enhances the sensitivity of the native protein. Beside the surface chemistry effect, these different results are associated with protein conformation.
References
[1]
Prusiner, S.B.; Hadlow, W.J.; Eklund, C.M.; Race, R.E. Sedimentation properties of the scrapie agent. PNAS？1977, 74, 4656–4660, doi:10.1073/pnas.74.10.4656.
[2]
Bockman, J.M.; Kingsbury, D.T.; McKinley, M.P.; Bendheim, P.E.; Prusiner, S.B. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease prion proteins in human brains. J. Med.？1985, 312, 73–78.
Oki, R.K.; Nwanebu, F.C. Prion and prion diseases. J. Clin. Exp. Microbiol.？2009, 9, 38–52.
[6]
McKinley, M.P.; Masiarz, M.R.; Prusiner, S.B. Reversible chemical modification of the scrapie agent. Science？1981, 214, 1259–1261.
[7]
Pan, K.M.; Baldwin, M.; Nguyen, J.; Gasset, M.; Serban, A.; Groth, D.; Mehlhorn, I.; Huang, Z.; Fletterick, R.J.; Cohen, F.E. Conversion of alpha-helices into beta-sheets features in the formation of the scrapie prion proteins. PNAS？1993, 90, 10962–10966.
[8]
Horvath, V.; Kovacs, A.; Menyhard, D.K. Conformational studies on the prion protein 11-122 fragment. J. Mol. Struct.？2007, 804, 9–15.
[9]
Beranger, F.; Crozet, C.; Goldsborough, A.; Lehmann, S. Treholose impairs aggregation of PrP-sc molecules and protects prion-infected cells against oxidative damage. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.？2008, 374, 44–48.
Malaga-Trillo, E.; Solis, G.P.; Schrock, Y.; Geiss, C.; Luncz, L.; Thomanetz, V.; Stuermer, C.A. Regulation of embryonic cell adhesion by the prion protein. PLoS Biol.？2009, 7, 576–590.
[12]
Lawson, V.A.; Collins, S.J.; Masters, C.L.; Hill, A.F. Prion protein glycosylation. J. Neurochem.？2005, 93, 793–801, doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03104.x.
[13]
Castilla, J.P.; Saà, P.; Soto, C. Detection of prion in blood. Nat. Med.？2005, 11, 982–988.
[14]
Cooper, J.K.; Ladhani, K.; Minor, P. Comparison of candidate vCJD in vitro diagnostic assays using identical sample sets. Vox Sang.？2012, 102, 100–109, doi:10.1111/j.1423-0410.2011.01525.x.
[15]
King, D.J.; Safar, J.G.; Legname, G.; Prusiner, S.B. Thioaptamer interactions with prion proteins: Sequence-specific and non-specific binding sites. J. Mol. Biol.？2007, 369, 1001–1014, doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.02.004.
[16]
Sayer, N.M.; Cubin, M.; Rhie, A.; Bullock, M.; Tahiri-Alaoui, A.; James, W. Structural determinants of conformationally selective; prion-binding aptamers. J. Biol. Chem.？2004, 279, 13102–13109.
[17]
Bieschke, J.; Giese, A.; Schulz-Schaeffer, W.; Zerr, I.; Poser, S.; Eigen, M. Ultrasensitive detection of pathological prion protein aggregates by dual-color scanning for intensely fluorescent targets. PNAS？2000, 97, 5468–5473, doi:10.1073/pnas.97.10.5468.
Safar, J.; Cohen, F.; Prusiner, S.B. Quantitative traits of prion strains are enciphered in the conformation of the prion protein. Arch. Virol. Suppl.？2000, 16, 227–235.
[20]
Ingrosso, L.; Vetrugno, V.; Cardone, F.; Pocchiari, M. Molecular diagnostics of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Trends Mol. Med.？2002, 8, 273–280, doi:10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02358-4.
[21]
Saborio, G.; Permanne, B.; Soto, C. Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding. Nature？2001, 411, 810–813, doi:10.1038/35081095.
[22]
Yakovleva, O.; Janiak, A.; McKenzie, C.; McShane, L.; Brown, P.; Cervenakova, L. Effect of protease treatment on plasma infectivity in variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease mice. Transfusion？2004, 44, 1700–1705, doi:10.1111/j.0041-1132.2004.04198.x.
[23]
Gofflot, S.; El Moualij, B.; Zorzi, D.; Melen, L.; Roels, S.; Quatpers, D. Immuno-quantitative polymerase chain reaction for detection and quantitation of prion protein. Immunoassay Immunochem.？2005, 25, 241–258, doi:10.1081/IAS-200028044.
[24]
Zorzi, W.; El Moualij, B.; Zorzi, D.; Heinen, E.; Melen, L. Immuno PCR en Temps Réel Utilisant un ADN-Chimère Comme Marqueur d'Amplification. European Patent 1232283, 2001.
[25]
Gofflot, S.; Deprez, M.; El Moualij, B.; Osman, A.; Thonnart, J.; Hougrand, O. Immunoquantitative PCR for prion protein detection in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Clin. Chem.？2005, 51, 1605–1611, doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.050120.
[26]
Dupiereux, I.; Zorzi, W.; Lins, L.; Brasseur, R.; Colson, P.; Heinen, E.; El Moualij, B. Interaction of the 106-126 prion peptide with lipid membranes and potential implication for neurotoxicity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm.？2005, 331, 894–901, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.04.012.
[27]
Mille, C.; Debarnot, D.; Zorzi, W.; El Moualij, B.; Coudreuse, A.; Legeay, G.; Quadrio, I.; Perret Liaudet, A.; Poncin-Epaillard, F. Increasing the detection limit of the Parkinson disorder through a specific surface chemistry applied onto inner surface of the titration well. J. Funct. Biomater.？2012, 3, 298–312, doi:10.3390/jfb3020298.
[28]
Vrlinic, T.; Mille, C.; Debarnot, D.; Poncin-Epaillard, F. Oxygen atom density in capacitively coupled RF oxygen plasma. Vacuum？2009, 83, 792–796, doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2008.07.008.
[29]
Mille, C.; Debarnot, D.; Zorzi, W.; El Moualij, B.; Coudreuse, A.; Legeay, G.; Quadrio, I.; Perret Liaudet, A.; Poncin-Epaillard, F. Study of the adhesion of neurodegenerative proteins on plasma-modified and coated polypropylene surfaces. J. Biomat. Sci. Polym. E？2011, doi:10.1163/156856211X598247.
[30]
De Gennes, P.G. Wetting: statics and dynamics. Rev. Mod. Phys.？1985, 57, 827–863, doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.57.827.
[31]
Cognard, J. Science et Technologies du Collage; Presses Polytechniques et Universitaire Romandes: Lausanne, Switzerland, 2000; p. 15.
[32]
Poncin-Epaillard, F.; Zorzi, W.; El Moualij, B.; Heinen, E.; Legeay, G.; Legeais, V.; Rouault, E. Nouveaux Supports pour l’Immuno-Détection d’Eléments et en Particulier pour le Dosage des Protéines Prions; Applications au Stockage, ou à la Capture Sélective de Molécules d’Intérêt. a) Résultats Complémentaires Dosage de la Protéine Prion. Patent WO 2006/105622, 2006.
