Information Technology (IT) adoption is an important field of study in a number of areas, which include small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Due to the numerous advantages of IT, SMEs are trying to adopt IT applications to support their businesses. IT adoption by SMEs differs from larger organizations because of their specific characteristics, such as resources constraints. Therefore, this research aims to provide a better and clearer understanding of IT adoption within SMEs by reviewing and analyzing current IT literature. In this research, the review of literature includes theories, perspectives, empirical research and case studies related to IT adoption, in particular within SMEs from various databases such as Business Premier, Science Direct, JStor, Emerald Insight and Springer Link. The proposed model of effective IT adoption is believed to provide managers, vendors, consultants and governments with a practical synopsis of the IT adoption process in SMEs, which will in turn assist them to be successful with IT institutionalization within these businesses.
References
[1]
Pavic, S.; Koh, S.C.L.; Simpson, M.; Padmore, J. Could e-business create a competitive advantage in UK SMEs? Benchmarking 2007, 14, 320–351, doi:10.1108/14635770710753112.
[2]
Dierckx, M.A.F.; Stroeken, J.H.M. Information technology and innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises. Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change 1999, 60, 149–166, doi:10.1016/S0040-1625(98)00043-2.
[3]
Premkumar, G. A meta-analysis of research on information technology implementation in small business. J. Org. Comp. Elect. Com 2003, 13, 91–121, doi:10.1207/S15327744JOCE1302_2.
[4]
Bhagwat, R.; Sharma, M.K. Information system architecture: A framework for a cluster of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Prod. Plan. Control 2007, 18, 283–296, doi:10.1080/09537280701248578.
[5]
Grandon, E.E.; Pearson, J.M. Electronic commerce adoption: An empirical study of small and medium US businesses. Inf. Manag. 2004, 42, 197–216, doi:10.1016/j.im.2003.12.010.
[6]
MacGregor, R.C.; Vrazalic, L. A basic model of electronic commerce adoption barriers: A study of regional small businesses in Sweden and Australia. J. Small Bus. Enterp. Dev. 2005, 12, 510–527, doi:10.1108/14626000510628199.
[7]
Riquelme, H. Commercial Internet adoption in China: Comparing the experience of small, medium and large businesses. Internet Res. 2002, 12, 276–286, doi:10.1108/10662240210430946.
[8]
Madrid-Guijarro, A.; Garcia, D.; van Auken, H. Barriers to innovation among Spanish manufacturing SMEs. J. Small Bus. Manag. 2009, 47, 465–488, doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2009.00279.x.
[9]
Blili, S.; Raymond, L. Information technology: Threats and opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 1993, 13, 439–448, doi:10.1016/0268-4012(93)90060-H.
[10]
Dibrell, C.; Davis, P.S.; Craig, J. Fueling innovation through information technology in SMEs. J. Small Bus. Manag. 2008, 46, 203–218, doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2008.00240.x.
[11]
Thong, J.Y.L.; Yap, C.S.; Raman, K.S. Top management support, external expertise and information systems implementation in small businesses. Inf. Syst. Res. 1996, 7, 248–267, doi:10.1287/isre.7.2.248.
[12]
Thong, J.Y.L.; Yap, C.S.; Raman, K.S. Environments for information systems implementation in small businesses. J. Org. Comput. Electron.Commer. 1997, 7, 253–278, doi:10.1207/s15327744joce0704_1.
[13]
Welsh, J.A.; White, J.F. A small business is not a little big business. Harv. Bus. Rev. 1981, 59, 18–32.
[14]
Al-Qirim, N. The adoption of eCommerce communications and applications technologies in small businesses in New Zealand. Electron. Commer. Res. Appl. 2007, 6, 462–473, doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2007.02.012.
[15]
MacGregor, R.C.; Vrazalic, L. E-commerce adoption barriers in small business and the differential effects of gender. J. Electron. Commer. Org. 2006, 4, 1–24, doi:10.4018/jeco.2006040101.
[16]
Premkumar, G.; Roberts, M. Adoption of new information technologies in rural small businesses. Omega 1999, 27, 467–484, doi:10.1016/S0305-0483(98)00071-1.
[17]
Tan, K.S.; Chong, S.C.; Lin, B.; Eze, U.C. Internet-based ICT adoption: Evidence from Malaysian SMEs. Ind. Manag. Data Syst. 2009, 109, 224–244, doi:10.1108/02635570910930118.
[18]
Thong, J.Y.L. An integrated model of information systems adoption in small businesses. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 1999, 15, 187–214.
[19]
Zaltman, G.; Duncan, R.; Holbek, J. Innovations and Organizations; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1973.
[20]
B？ving, K.B.; B？dker, K. Where is the innovation? In Networked Information Technologies; Diffusion and Adoption; Springer Boston: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2004; Volume 138, pp. 39–52.
[21]
Thong, J.Y.L. Resource constraints and information systems implementation in Singaporean small businesses. Omega 2001, 29, 143–156, doi:10.1016/S0305-0483(00)00035-9.
[22]
Davis, F.D. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Q. 1989, 13, 319–339, doi:10.2307/249008.
[23]
Al-Gahtani, S.S.; Hubona, G.S.; Wang, J. Information technology (IT) in Saudi Arabia: Culture and the acceptance and use of IT. Inf. Manag. 2007, 44, 681–691, doi:10.1016/j.im.2007.09.002.
[24]
Al-Gahtani, S.S.; King, M. Attitudes, satisfaction and usage: Factors contributing to each in the acceptance of information technology. Behav. Inf. Technol. 1999, 18, 277–297, doi:10.1080/014492999119020.
[25]
Foong, S.Y. Effect of end-user personal and systems attributes on computer-based information system success in Malaysian SMEs. J. Small Bus. Manag. 1999, 37, 81–87.
[26]
Palvia, P.C. A model and instrument for measuring small business user satisfaction with information technology. Inf. Manag. 1996, 31, 151–163, doi:10.1016/S0378-7206(96)01069-5.
[27]
Palvia, P.C.; Palvia, S.C. An examination of the IT satisfaction of small-business users. Inf. Manag. 1999, 35, 127–137, doi:10.1016/S0378-7206(98)00086-X.
[28]
Pan, M.; Jang, W. Determinants of the adoption of enterprise resource planning within the technology-organization-environment framework: Taiwan’s communications. J. Comput. Inform. Syst 2008, 48, 94–102.
[29]
Zhu, K.; Kraemer, K.; Xu, S. Electronic business adoption by European firms: a cross-country assessment of the facilitators and inhibitors. Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 2003, 12, 251–268, doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000475.
[30]
Zhu, K.; Kraemer, K. L. Post-adoption variations in usage and value of e-business by organizations: Cross-country evidence from the retail industry. Inf. Syst. Res. 2005, 16, 61–84, doi:10.1287/isre.1050.0045.
[31]
Caldeira, M.M.; Ward, J.M. Using resource-based theory to interpret the successful adoption and use of information systems and technology in manufacturing small and medium-sized enterprises. Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 2003, 12, 127–141, doi:10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000454.
[32]
Qureshi, S.; York, A.S. Information technology adoption by small businesses in minority and ethnic communities. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, HI, USA, January 2008; pp. 1530–1605.
[33]
Thong, J.Y.L.; Yap, C.S. CEO characteristics, organizational characteristics and information technology adoption in small businesses. Omega 1995, 23, 429–442, doi:10.1016/0305-0483(95)00017-I.
[34]
Cragg, P.B.; Zinatelli, N. The evolution of information systems in small firms. Inf. Manag. 1995, 29, 1–8, doi:10.1016/0378-7206(95)00012-L.
[35]
Drew, S. Strategic uses of e-commerce by SMEs in the east of England. Eur. Manag. J. 2003, 21, 79–88, doi:10.1016/S0263-2373(02)00148-2.
[36]
Thong, J.Y.L.; Yap, C.-S.; Raman, K.S. Top management support in small business information systems implementation: How important is it? In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCPR Conference, Syracuse, NY, USA, April 1993.
[37]
Lybaert, N. The information use in a SME: Its importance and some elements of influence. Small Bus. Econ. 1998, 10, 171–191, doi:10.1023/A:1007967721235.
[38]
Seyal, A.H.; Rahim, M.M.; Rahman, M.N.A.; Begawan, B.S.; Darussalam, B. An empirical investigation of use of information technology among small and medium business organizations: A Bruneian scenario. Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Dev. Ctries. 2000, 2, 1–17.
[39]
Fink, D. Guidelines for the successful adoption of information technology in small and medium enterprises. Int. J. Inf. Manag. 1998, 18, 243–253, doi:10.1016/S0268-4012(98)00013-9.
[40]
Mole, K.F.; Ghobadian, A.; O’Regan, N.; Liu, J. The use and deployment of soft process technologies within UK manufacturing SMEs: An empirical assessment using logit models. J. Small Bus. Manag. 2004, 42, 303–324, doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2004.00113.x.
[41]
Riemenschneider, C.K.; Harrison, D.A.; Mykytyn, P.P. Understanding IT adoption decisions in small business: Integrating current theories. Inf. Manag. 2003, 40, 269–285, doi:10.1016/S0378-7206(02)00010-1.
[42]
Dutta, S.; Evrard, P. Information technology and organisation within European small enterprises. Eur. Manag. J. 1999, 17, 239–251, doi:10.1016/S0263-2373(99)00003-1.
[43]
Chau, P.Y.K. Factors used in the selection of packaged software in small businesses: Views of owners and managers. Inf. Manag. 1995, 29, 71–78, doi:10.1016/0378-7206(95)00016-P.
[44]
Southern, A.; Tilley, F. Small firms and information and communication technologies (ICTs): Toward a typology of ICTs usage. New Technol. Work Employ. 2000, 15, 138–154, doi:10.1111/1468-005X.00070.
[45]
Alam, S.S.; Noor, M K.M. ICT adoption in small and medium enterprises: An empirical evidence of service sectors in Malaysia. Int. J. Bus. Manag. 2009, 4, 112–125.
[46]
Bruque, S.; Moyano, J. Organisational determinants of information technology adoption and implementation in SMEs: The case of family and cooperative firms. Technovation 2007, 27, 241–253, doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2006.12.003.
[47]
Harrison, D. A.; Mykytyn Jr, P. P.; Riemenschneider, C. K. Executive decisions about adoption of information technology in small business: Theory and empirical tests. Inform. Syst. Res. 1997, 8, 171–195, doi:10.1287/isre.8.2.171.
[48]
Andries, P.; Debackere, K. Adaptation in new technology-based ventures: Insights at the company level. Int. J. Manag. Rev. 2006, 8, 91–112, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2006.00122.x.
[49]
Levy, M.; Powell, P.; Yetton, P. SMEs: Aligning IS and the strategic context. J. Inf. Technol. 2001, 16, 133–144, doi:10.1080/02683960110063672.
[50]
Acar, E.; Ko？ak, I.; Sey, Y.; Arditi, D. Use of information and communication technologies by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in building construction. Constr. Manag. Econ. 2005, 23, 713–722, doi:10.1080/01446190500127112.
[51]
Gremillion, L.L. Organization size and information system use: An empirical study. J. Manag. Inf. Syst. 1984, 1, 4–17.
[52]
Love, P.E.D.; Irani, Z.; Standing, C.; Lin, C.; Burn, J.M. The enigma of evaluation: Benefits, costs and risks of IT in Australian small–medium-sized enterprises. Inf. Manag. 2005, 42, 947–964, doi:10.1016/j.im.2004.10.004.
[53]
Salmeron, J.L.; Bueno, S. An information technologies and information systems industry-based classification in small and medium-sized enterprises: An institutional view. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2006, 173, 1012–1025, doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2005.07.002.
[54]
Pontikakis, D.; Lin, Y.; Demirbas, D. History matters in Greece: The adoption of Internet-enabled computers by small and medium sized enterprises. Inf. Econ. Policy 2006, 18, 332–358, doi:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2006.03.004.
[55]
Valida, A.C.; Leng, A.C.; Kasiran, M.K.; Hashim, S.; Suradi, Z. A Survey of Information Technology Utilization among Business Organizations in Malaysia. In Proceedings of International Conference on IT, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1994.
[56]
De Burca, S.; Fynes, B.; Marshall, D. Strategic technology adoption: Extending ERP across the supply chain. J. Enterp. Inf. Manag. 2005, 18, 427–440, doi:10.1108/17410390510609581.
[57]
Kanungo, S. An empirical study of organizational culture and network-based computer use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 1998, 14, 79–91, doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(97)00033-2.
[58]
Nguyen, T.U.H. Information technology adoption in SMEs: An integrated framework. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 2009, 15, 162–186, doi:10.1108/13552550910944566.
[59]
Shin, I. Adoption of enterprise application software and firm performance. Small Bus. Econ. 2006, 26, 241–256, doi:10.1007/s11187-005-0215-9.
[60]
Walczuch, R.; Van Braven, G.; Lundgren, H. Internet adoption barriers for small firms in the Netherlands. Eur. Manag. J. 2000, 18, 561–572, doi:10.1016/S0263-2373(00)00045-1.
[61]
Poon, S.; Swatman, P.M.C. An exploratory study of small business Internet commerce issues. Inf. Manag. 1999, 35, 9–18, doi:10.1016/S0378-7206(98)00079-2.
[62]
Yan, L.; Yingwu, C.; Changfeng, Z. Determinants affecting end-user satisfaction of information technology service. In Proceedings of ICSSSM’06: 2006 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management, Troyes, France, 1 October 2007; pp. 25–27.
[63]
Kazi, A.U. Small and medium business enterprises and the use and adoption of information and communication technology: A study of legal issues and legal perspectives. Int. J. Organ. Behav. 2007, 12, 144–160.
[64]
Fathian, M.; Akhavan, P.; Hoorali, M. E-readiness assessment of non-profit ICT SMEs in a developing country: The case of Iran. Technovation 2008, 28, 578–590, doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2008.02.002.
[65]
Ghobakhloo, M.; Benitez-Amado, J.; Arias-Aranda, D. Reasons for Information Technology Adoption and Sophistication within Manufacturing SMEs. In the POMS 22nd Annual Conference: Operations Management: The Enabling Link, Reno, NV, USA, 29 April–2 May 2011.
[66]
Fuller-Love, N. Management development in small firms. Int. J. Manag. Rev. 2006, 8, 175–190, doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2006.00125.x.
[67]
Smith, M. “Real” managerial differences between family and non-family firms. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 2007, 13, 278–295, doi:10.1108/13552550710780876.
[68]
Fuller, T.; Lewis, J. Relationships mean everything’; A typology of small-business relationship strategies in a reflexive context. Br. J. Manag. 2002, 13, 317–336, doi:10.1111/1467-8551.00249.
[69]
Chuang, T.T.; Nakatani, K.; Zhou, D. An exploratory study of the extent of information technology adoption in SMEs: An application of upper echelon theory. J. Enterp. Inf. Manag. 2009, 22, 183–196, doi:10.1108/17410390910932821.
[70]
Karake, Z.A. Information technology performance: Agency and upper echelon theories. Manag. Decis. 1995, 33, 30–37, doi:10.1108/00251749510098964.
[71]
Li, Y.; Tan, C.H.; Teo, H.H.; Tan, B.C.Y. Innovative usage of information technology in Singapore organizations: Do CIO characteristics make a difference? IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag. 2006, 53, 177–190, doi:10.1109/TEM.2006.872250.
[72]
Lefebvre, E.; Lefebvre, L.A. Firm innovativeness and CEO characteristics in small manufacturing firms. J. Eng. Technol. Manag. 1992, 9, 243–277, doi:10.1016/0923-4748(92)90018-Z.
[73]
Davis, F.D. User acceptance of information technology: System characteristics, user perceptions and behavioral impacts. Int. J. Man-Mach. Stud. 1993, 38, 475–487, doi:10.1006/imms.1993.1022.
[74]
Ghobakhloo, M.; Zulkifli, N.B.; Aziz, F.A. The interactive model of User information technology acceptance and satisfaction in small and medium-sized enterprises. Eur. J. Econ Financ. Adm. Sci. 2010, 19, 7–27.
[75]
Ghobakhloo, M.; Arias-Aranda, D.; Benitez-Amado, J. Information technology implementation success within SMEs in developing countries: An interactive model. In the POMS 22nd Annual Conference: Operations Management: The Enabling link, Reno, NV, USA, 29 April to 2 May 2011.
[76]
Adamson, I.; Shine, J. Extending the new technology acceptance model to measure the end user information systems satisfaction in a mandatory environment: A Bank’s Treasury. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2003, 15, 441–455, doi:10.1080/095373203000136033.
[77]
Jayasuriya, R. Determinants of microcomputer technology use: Implications for education and training of health staff. Int. J. Med. Inf. 1998, 50, 187–194, doi:10.1016/S1386-5056(98)00067-7.
[78]
Sarosa, S.; Zowghi, D. Strategy for adopting information technology for SMEs: Experience in adopting email within an Indonesian furniture company. Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Eval. 2003, 6, 165–176.
[79]
Nov, O.; Ye, C. Personality and technology acceptance: personal innovativeness in IT, openness and resistance to change. In Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, USA, 1 January 2008.
[80]
Agarwal, R.; Prasad, J. A conceptual and operational definition of personal innovativeness in the domain of information technology. Inf. Syst. Res. 1998, 9, 204–215, doi:10.1287/isre.9.2.204.
[81]
Taylor, S.; Todd, P.A. Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Inf. Syst. Res. 1995, 6, 144–176, doi:10.1287/isre.6.2.144.
[82]
Venkatesh, V.; Morris, M.G.; Davis, G.B.; Davis, F.D. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Q. 2003, 27, 425–478.
[83]
Wixom, B.H.; Todd, P.A. A theoretical integration of user satisfaction and technology acceptance. Inf. Syst. Res. 2005, 16, 85–102, doi:10.1287/isre.1050.0042.
[84]
Thatcher, J.B.; Perrewe, P.L. An empirical examination of individual traits as antecedents to computer anxiety and computer self-efficacy. MIS Q. 2002, 26, 381–396, doi:10.2307/4132314.
[85]
Scott, J.E.; Walczak, S. Cognitive engagement with a multimedia ERP training tool: Assessing computer self-efficacy and technology acceptance. Inf. Manag. 2009, 46, 221–232, doi:10.1016/j.im.2008.10.003.
[86]
Igbaria, M.; Tan, M. The consequences of information technology acceptance on subsequent individual performance. Inf. Manag. 1997, 32, 113–121, doi:10.1016/S0378-7206(97)00006-2.
[87]
Nieto, M.J.; Fernández, Z. The role of information technology in corporate strategy of small and medium enterprises. J. Int. Entrep. 2005, 3, 251–262, doi:10.1007/s10843-006-7854-z.
[88]
Rangone, A. A resource-based approach to strategy analysis in small-medium sized enterprises. Small Bus. Econ. 1999, 12, 233–248, doi:10.1023/A:1008046917465.
[89]
Wu, F.; Yeniyurt, S.; Kim, D.; Cavusgil, S.T. The impact of information technology on supply chain capabilities and firm performance: A resource-based view. Ind. Mark. Manag. 2006, 35, 493–504, doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.05.003.
[90]
Ein-Dor, P.; Segev, E. Organizational context and the success of management information systems. Manag. Sci. 1978, 24, 55–68.
[91]
Venkatesh, V.; Brown, S. A. A longitudinal investigation of personal computers in homes: adoption determinants and emerging challenges. MIS Q. 2004, 25, 71–102, doi:10.2307/3250959.
[92]
Melville, N.; Kraemer, K.; Gurbaxani, V. Review: Information technology and organizational performance: An integrative model of IT business value. MIS Q. 2004, 28, 283–322.
[93]
Egbu, C.O.; Hari, S.; Renukappa, S.H. Knowledge management for sustainable competitiveness in small and medium surveying practices. Struct. Survey 2005, 23, 7–21, doi:10.1108/02630800510586871.
[94]
Zhou, Z.; Li, G.; Lam, T. The role of task-fit in employees’ adoption of IT in Chinese hotels. J. Hum. Resour. Hosp. Tour. 2009, 8, 96–105.
[95]
Fisher, S.L.; Howell, A.W. Beyond user acceptance: An examination of employee reactions to information technology systems. Hum. Resour. Manag. 2004, 43, 243–258, doi:10.1002/hrm.20018.
[96]
Robey, D.; Zeller, R.L. Factors affecting the success and failure of an information system for product quality. Interfaces 1978, 8, 70–75, doi:10.1287/inte.8.2.70.
[97]
Kleintop, W.A.; Blau, G. Practice Makes Use: Using Information Technologies before Implementation and the Effect on Acceptance by end Users. In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCPR Conference, Alexandria, VA, USA, March 1994; pp. 24–26.
Bull, C. Strategic issues in customer relationship management (CRM) implementation. Bus. Process Manag. J. 2003, 9, 592–602, doi:10.1108/14637150310496703.
[100]
Irani, Z.; Love, P.E.D.; Li, H.; Cheng, E.Q.L.; Tse, R.Y.C. An empirical analysis of the barriers to implementing e-commerce in small-medium sized construction contractors in the state of Victoria, Australia. J. Constr. Innov. 2001, 1, 31–41, doi:10.1191/147141701701571599.
[101]
Straub, D.; Limayem, M.; Karahanna-Evaristo, E. Measuring system usage: Implications for IS theory testing. Manag. Sci. 1995, 41, 1328–1342, doi:10.1287/mnsc.41.8.1328.
[102]
Szajna, B. Empirical evaluation of the revised technology acceptance model. Manag. Sci. 1996, 42, 85–92, doi:10.1287/mnsc.42.1.85.
[103]
Adam Mahmood, M.; Burn, J.M.; Gemoets, L.A.; Jacquez, C. Variables affecting information technology end-user satisfaction: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 2000, 52, 751–771, doi:10.1006/ijhc.1999.0353.
[104]
Amoako-Gyampah, K. Perceived usefulness, user involvement and behavioral intention: An empirical study of ERP implementation. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2007, 23, 1232–1248, doi:10.1016/j.chb.2004.12.002.
[105]
Baroudi, J.J.; Olson, M.H.; Ives, B. An empirical study of the impact of user involvement on system usage and information satisfaction. Commun. ACM 1986, 39, 212–238.
[106]
Cynthia, M.J.; Simeon, C.; Robert, A.L. Toward an understanding of the behavioral intention to use an information system. Decis. Sci. 1997, 28, 357–389, doi:10.1111/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01315.x.
[107]
Stewart, G.; Milford, M.; Jewels, T.; Hunter, T.; Hunter, B. Organisational readiness for ERP implementation. In Americas Conference on Information Systems AMCIS, Long Beach, CA, USA, 1 January 2000.
[108]
Porter, M.E.; Millar, V. How information gives you competitive advantage. Harv. Bus. Rev. 1985, 63, 149–160.
[109]
Cooper, R.B. The inertial impact of culture on IT implementation. Inf. Manag. 1994, 27, 17–31, doi:10.1016/0378-7206(94)90099-X.
[110]
Riolli, L.; Savicki, V. Information system organizational resilience. Omega 2003, 31, 227–233, doi:10.1016/S0305-0483(03)00023-9.
[111]
Hall, A.; Melin, L.; Nordqvist, M. Entrepreneurship as radical change in the family business: Exploring the role of cultural patterns. Fam. Bus. Rev. 2001, 14, 193–208, doi:10.1111/j.1741-6248.2001.00193.x.
Jones, R.A.; Jimmieson, N.L.; Griffiths, A. The impact of organizational culture and reshaping capabilities on change implementation success: The mediating role of readiness for change. J. Manag. Stud. 2005, 42, 361–386, doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00500.x.
[114]
Carmeli, A.; Sternberg, A.; Elizur, D. Organizational culture, creative behavior, and information and communication technology (ICT) usage: A facet analysis. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2008, 11, 175–180, doi:10.1089/cpb.2007.0037.
[115]
Minguzzi, A.; Passaro, R. The network of relationships between the economic environment and the entrepreneurial culture in small firms. J. Bus. Ventur. 2001, 16, 181–207, doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(99)00045-2.
[116]
Arroyo, P. E.; Ramirez, J. A.; Erosa, V. E. The elaboration of a model to explain the adoption of information technologies for supply chain. In Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology, Portland, OR, USA, 1 August 2007; pp. 2379–2390.
[117]
Graham, C.M.; Nafukho, F.M. Culture, organizational learning and selected employee background variables in small-size business enterprises. J. Eur. Ind. Train. 2007, 31, 127–144, doi:10.1108/03090590710734354.
[118]
Newell, S.; Swan, J.A.; Galliers, R.D. A knowledge-focused perspective on the diffusion and adoption of complex information technologies: The BPR example. Inf. Syst. J. 2000, 10, 239–259, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2575.2000.00079.x.
[119]
Jorissen, A.; Laveren, E.; Martens, R.; Reheul, A.M. Real versus sample-based differences in comparative family business research. Fam. Bus. Rev. 2005, 18, 229–246, doi:10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00044.x.
[120]
Moores, K.; Mula, J. The salience of market, bureaucratic, and clan controls in the management of family firm transitions: Some tentative Australian evidence. Fam. Bus. Rev. 2000, 13, 91, doi:10.1111/j.1741-6248.2000.00091.x.
[121]
Van den Berghe, L.A.A.; Carchon, S. Corporate governance practices in Flemish family businesses. Corp. Gov.: Int. Rev. 2002, 10, 225–245, doi:10.1111/1467-8683.00286.
[122]
De Lema, D.G.P.; Duréndez, A. Managerial behaviour of small and medium-sized family businesses: An empirical study. Int. J. Entrep. Behav. Res. 2007, 13, 151–172, doi:10.1108/13552550710751030.
[123]
Levy, M.; Powell, P. Information systems strategy for small and medium sized enterprises: An organisational perspective. J. Strateg. Inf. Syst. 2000, 9, 63–84, doi:10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00028-7.
[124]
Yap, C.S.; Thong, J.Y.L.; Raman, K.S. Effect of government incentives on computerization in small business. Eur. J. Inf. Syst. 1994, 3, 191–206, doi:10.1057/ejis.1994.20.
[125]
Ayman, A.T.; Mohamed, Z.; Mumtaz, K. Factors Influencing the Adoption of IT Projects: A Proposed Model. In Proceedings of 2008 IEEE International Symposium on IT in Medicine and Education, ITME 2008, Xiamen, China, 1 December 2008.
[126]
Rice, G.H.; Hamilton, R.E. Decision theory and the small businessman. Am. J. Small Bus. 1979, 4, 1–9.
[127]
Arendt, L. Barriers to ICT adoption in SMEs: How to bridge the digital divide? J. Syst. Inf. Technol. 2008, 10, 93–108, doi:10.1108/13287260810897738.
[128]
Levy, M.; Powell, P.; Yetton, P. The dynamics of SME information systems. Small Bus. Econ. 2002, 19, 341–354, doi:10.1023/A:1019654030019.
[129]
Morel, B.; Ramanujam, R. Through the looking glass of complexity: The dynamics of organizations as adaptive and evolving systems. Org. Sci. 1999, 10, 278–293, doi:10.1287/orsc.10.3.278.
[130]
Siggelkow, N.; Levinthal, D.A. Escaping real (non-benign) competency traps: Linking the dynamics of organizational structure to the dynamics of search. Strateg. Org. 2005, 3, 85–115, doi:10.1177/1476127005050521.
[131]
Mehrtens, J.; Cragg, P.B.; Mills, A.M. A model of Internet adoption by SMEs. Inf. Manag. 2001, 39, 165–176, doi:10.1016/S0378-7206(01)00086-6.
Dierickx, I.; Cool, K. Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage. Manag. Sci. 1989, 35, 1504–1511, doi:10.1287/mnsc.35.12.1504.
[134]
Porter, M.E. Competition in global industries: A conceptual framework. In Competition in Global Industries; Porter, M.E., Ed.; Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA, USA, 1986.
[135]
Porter, M.E. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance: With A New Introduction, 1st ed.; Free Press: New York, NY, USA, 1998.
[136]
Gunasekaran, A.; Marri, H.B.; Lee, B. Design and implementation of computer integrated manufacturing in small and medium-sized enterprises: A case study. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2000, 16, 46–54, doi:10.1007/PL00013131.
[137]
Migiro, S.O.; Ocholla, D.N. Information and communication technologies in small and medium scale tourism enterprises in Durban, South Africa. Inf. Dev. 2005, 21, 283–294, doi:10.1177/0266666905060089.
[138]
Tye, E.M.W.N.; Chau, P.Y.K. A study of information technology adoption in Hong Kong. J. Inf. Sci. 1995, 21, 11–19, doi:10.1177/016555159502100102.
[139]
Sardana, G.D. Measuring business performance: A conceptual framework with focus on improvement. Perform. Improv. 2008, 47, 31–40, doi:10.1002/pfi.20014.
[140]
Rogers, E. M. Diffusion of Innovations; Free Press: New York, NY, USA, 1983.
[141]
Beatty, R. C.; Shim, J. P.; Jones, M. C. Factors influencing corporate web site adoption: A time-based assessment. Inf. Manag. 2001, 38, 337–354, doi:10.1016/S0378-7206(00)00064-1.
[142]
Hong, W.; Zhu, K. Migrating to internet-based e-commerce: Factors affecting e-commerce adoption and migration at the firm level. Inf. Manag. 2006, 43, 204–221, doi:10.1016/j.im.2005.06.003.
[143]
Saffu, K.; Walker, J. H.; Hinson, R. Strategic value and electronic commerce adoption among small and medium-sized enterprises in a transitional economy. J. Bus. Ind. Mark. 2008, 23, 395–404, doi:10.1108/08858620810894445.
[144]
Duncombe, R.; Heeks, R. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) and small enterprise in Africa: Lessons from Botswana. 2001. Available online: http://www.man.ac.uk/idpm (accessed on 1 September 2011).
[145]
Love, P.E.D.; Irani, Z. An exploratory study of information technology evaluation and benefits management practices of SMEs in the construction industry. Inf. Manag. 2004, 42, 227–242, doi:10.1016/j.im.2003.12.011.
[146]
Hochstrasser, B.; Griffiths, C. Controlling IT Investment: Strategy and Management; Chapman and Hall: London, UK, 1991.
[147]
Tippins, M.J.; Sohi, R.S. IT competency and firm performance: Is organizational learning a missing link? Strateg. Manag. J. 2003, 24, 745–761, doi:10.1002/smj.337.
[148]
Kim, D.; Cavusgil, S.T.; Calantone, R.J. Information system innovations and supply chain management: Channel relationships and firm performance. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 2006, 34, 40–54, doi:10.1177/0092070305281619.
[149]
Gable, G.G. Consultant engagement for computer system selection: A pro-active client role in small businesses. Inf. Manag. 1991, 20, 83–93, doi:10.1016/0378-7206(91)90046-5.
[150]
Morgan, A.; Colebourne, D.; Thomas, B. The development of ICT advisors for SME businesses: An innovative approach. Technovation 2006, 26, 980–987, doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2005.09.001.
[151]
Soh, C.P.P.; Yap, C.S.; Raman, K.S. Impact of consultants on computerization success in small businesses. Inf. Manag. 1992, 22, 309–319, doi:10.1016/0378-7206(92)90077-S.
[152]
DeLone, W.H. Firm size and the characteristics of computer use. MIS Q. 1981, 5, 65–77, doi:10.2307/249328.
[153]
Stockdale, R.; Standing, C. Other papers Benefits and barriers of electronic marketplace participation: An SME perspective. J. Enterp. Inf. Manag. 2004, 17, 301–311, doi:10.1108/17410390410548715.
[154]
Ahuja, V.; Yang, J.; Shankar, R. Study of ICT adoption for building project management in the Indian construction industry. Autom. Constr. 2009, 18, 415–423, doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2008.10.009.
[155]
Cragg, P.B.; King, M. Small-firm computing: Motivators and inhibitors. MIS Q. 1993, 17, 47–60, doi:10.2307/249509.
[156]
Tarafdar, M.; Vaidya, S.D. Adoption and implementation of IT in developing nations: Experiences from two public sector enterprises in India. J. Cases Inf. Technol. 2005, 7, 111–135, doi:10.4018/jcit.2005010107.
