The epigenetic Zn-Pb deposits in the Lycksele-Storuman ore district, northern Sweden, are hosted by Paleoproterozoic basement near the margin of the Caledonian mountains. A paleogeographic reconstruction suggests that platform sediments, including Cambrian shales, overlaid the mineralised basement. The mineralisation type, containing sphalerite, galena, calcite and fluorite, is confined to veins and breccias and interpreted to be of Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) style. There is no appreciable wall rock alteration. Fluid inclusion work reveals coexisting aqueous and hydrocarbon fluids. Ore deposition is interpreted to have occurred during mixing of two fluids; a cool (
References
[1]
Exploration Newsletter. Mineral Resources Information Office: Uppsala, Sweden. Available online: http://www.sgu.se/dokument/nyhetsbrev/exploration-newsletter-june-2006.pdf (accessed on 30 March 2012).
[2]
Kathol, B.; Weihed, P. Description of regional geological and geophysical maps of the Skellefte District and surrounding areas. In Proceedings of the 26th Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, Uppsala, Sweden, 6-9 January 2004.
[3]
Rickard, D.T.; Willdén, M.Y.; Marinder, N.E.; Donnelly, T.H. Studies on the genesis of the Laisvall sandstone lead-zinc deposit, Sweden. Econ. Geol. 1979, 74, 1255–1285, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.74.5.1255.
[4]
Gáal, G.; Gorbatschev, R. An outline of the Precambrian evolution of the Baltic shield. Prec. Res. 1987, 35, 15–52, doi:10.1016/0301-9268(87)90044-1.
[5]
Stephens, M.B.; Wahlgren, C-H.; Weihed, P. Geological Map of Sweden, Scale 1:3 Million; Geological Survey of Sweden: Uppsala, Sweden, 1994. Ba52.
[6]
Allen, R.L.; Weihed, P.; Svenson, S-？. Setting of Zn-Cu-Au-Ag massive sulfide deposits in the evolution and facies architecture of a 1.9 Ga marine volcanic arc, Skellefte District, Sweden. Econ. Geol. 1996, 91, 1022–1053, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.91.6.1022.
[7]
Allen, R.L.; Weihed, P.; Blandell, D. Global comparision of volcanic-associated massive sulphide districts. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 2002, 204, 13–37, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.204.01.02.
[8]
Bark, G.; Weihed, P. rogenic gold in the new Lycksele-Storuman ore province, northern Sweden; the Palaeproterozoic F？boliden deposit. Ore Geol. Rev. 2007, 32, 431–451, doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.01.001.
[9]
Bergman-Weihed, J. Regional Deformation Zones in the Skellefte and Arvidsjaur Areas; Final Research Report. Geological Survey of Sweden: Uppsala, Sweden, 1997. Project 03-862/93.
[10]
Willdén, M.Y. Paleoenvironment of the autochthonous sedimentary rock sequence at Laisvall, Swedish Caledonides. Stockholm Contrib. Geol. 1980, 23, 1–100.
[11]
Moczyd？owska, M.; Jensen, S.; Ebbestad, J.O.R.; Budd, G.E.; Martí-Mus, M. Biochronology of the autochthonous Lower Cambrian in the Laisvall-Storuman area, Swedish Caledonides. Geol. Mag. 2001, 138, 435–453.
[12]
Andersson, A.; Dahlman, B.; Gee, D.G.; Sn？ll, S. The Scandinavian Alum Shales; Geological Survey of Sweden: Uppsala, Sweden, 1985; p. 50. Ca56.
[13]
Gee, D.G.; Kumpulainen, R.; Thelander, T. The T？sj？n Décollement, Central Swedish Caledonides; Geological Survey of Sweden: Uppsala, Sweden, 1978; pp. 1–35. C74.
[14]
Bark, G. Gubbtr？sk—？versiktlig Borrk？rnekartering; Company Report (in Swedish), Lappland Goldminers AB: Lycksele, Sweden, 2007; p. 11.
[15]
Eliasson, T.; Greiling, R.O.; Str？ng, T.; Triumf, C-A. Berggrundskartan 23H Stensele NO, Skala 1:50000; Geological Survey of Sweden: Uppsala, Sweden, 2001; p. Ai127.
[16]
Bakker, R.J. Package Fluids 1. Computer programs for analysis of fluid inclusion data and for modelling bulk fluid properties. Chem. Geol. 2003, 194, 3–23, doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00268-1.
[17]
De Ignacio, C.; Munoz, M.; Sagredo, J.; Fernandez-Santin, S.; Johansson, ？. Isotope geochemistry and FOZO mantle component of the alkaline-carbonatitic association of Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain. Chem. Geol. 2006, 232, 99–113, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.009.
[18]
Schneider, J. Rb-Sr dating of epithermal vein mineralization stages in the eastern Harz Mountains (Germany) by paleomixing lines. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2003, 67, 1803–1819, doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01223-1.
[19]
Samson, I.M.; Walker, R.T. Cryogenic Raman spectroscopic studies in the system NaCl-CaCl2-H2O and implications for low-temperature phase behaviour in aqueous fluid inclusions. Can. Mineral. 2000, 38, 35–43, doi:10.2113/gscanmin.38.1.35.
[20]
Davis, D.W.; Lowenstein, T.K.; Spencer, R.J. Melting behaviour of fluid inclusions in laboratory-grown halite crystals in the systems NaCl-H2O, NaCl-KCl-H2O, NaCl-MgCl2-H2O, and NaCl-CaCl2-H2O. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54, 591–601, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90355-O.
[21]
Oakes, C.S.; Bodnar, R.J.; Simonson, J.M. The system NaCl-CaCl2-H2O: I. The ice liquidus at 1 atm total pressure. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54, 603–610, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90356-P.
[22]
Mullis, J.; Dubessy, J.; Poty, B.; O’Neil, J. Fluid regimes during late stages of continental collision: Physical, chemical, and stable isotope measurements of fluid inclusions in fissure quartz from a geotraverse through the Central Alps, Switzerland. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58, 2239–2267, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)90008-6.
Pironon, J.; Barres, O. Semi-quantitative FT-IR microanalysis limits: Evidence from synthetic hydrocarbon fluid inclusions in sylvite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1990, 54, 509–518, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90348-O.
[25]
Wopenka, B.; Pasteris, J.D. Structural characterization of kerogens to granulite-facies graphite: Applicability of Raman microprobe spectroscopy. Am. Mineral. 1993, 78, 533–557.
[26]
Johansson, ？.; Rickard, D. Isotopic composition of Phanerozoic ore leads from the Swedish segment of the Fennoscandian Shield. Miner. Depos. 1984, 19, 249–255.
[27]
Romer, R.L.; Wright, J.E. Lead mobilization during tectonic reactivation of the western Baltic shield. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57, 2555–2570, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(93)90417-U.
[28]
Johansson, ？. Lead isotope composition of Caledonian sulphide-bearing veins in Sweden. Econ. Geol. 1983, 78, 1674–1688.
[29]
Billstr？m, K.; Vivallo, W. Synvolcanic mixing of ore Pb and the development of lead isotopic provinces in the Skellefte district. Miner. Depos. 1994, 29, 111–119.
[30]
De Paolo, D.J.; Linn, A.M.; Schubert, G. The continental crustal age distribution: Methods of determining mantle separation ages from Sm-Nd isotopic data and application to the Southwestern United States. J. Geophys. Res. 1991, 96, 2071–2088. B2, doi:10.1029/90JB02219.
[31]
Elming, S-？.; Matsson, H.J. Post Jotnian basic intrusions in the Fennoscandian Shield, and the break up of Baltica from Laurentia: A paleomagnetic and AMS study. Prec. Res. 2001, 108, 215–236, doi:10.1016/S0301-9268(01)00131-0.
[32]
Bj？rlykke, A.; Ihlen, P.M.; Olerud, S. Metallogeny and lead isotope data from the Oslo Paleorift. Tectonophysics 1990, 178, 109–126, doi:10.1016/0040-1951(90)90462-H.
[33]
Leach, D.L.; Sangster, D.F. Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc deposits. In Mineral Deposit Modelling; Kirkham, R.V., Sinclair, W.D., Thorpe, R.I., Duke, J.M., Eds.; Geological Association of Canada: Newfoundland, Canada, 1993. Special Paper 40.
[34]
Moser, M.R.; Rankin, A.H.; Milledge, H.J. Hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions in fluorite associated with the Windy Knoll bitumen deposit, UK. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1992, 56, 155–168, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(92)90123-Z.
[35]
Kesler, S.E.; Jones, H.D.; Furman, F.C.; Sassen, R.; Anderson, W.H.; Kyle, J.R. Role of crude oil in the genesis of Mississippi Valley-type deposits: Evidence from the Cincinnati arch. Geology 1994, 22, 609–612, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0609:ROCOIT>2.3.CO;2.
[36]
Hübert, J.; Malehmir, A.; Smirnow, M.; Tryggvason, A.; Pedersen, L.B. MT measurements in the western part of the Paleoproterozoic Skellefte ore district/northern Sweden: A contribution to an integrated 3D geophysical study. Tectonophysics 2009, 475, 493–502, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2009.06.011.
[37]
Hooker, P.J.; Hamilton, P.J.; O’Nions, R.K. An estimate of the Nd isotopic composition of Iapetus seawater from ca. 490 Ma metalliferous sediments. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 1981, 546, 180–188.
[38]
Johansson, ？. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies on some Caledonian sulphide-bearing veins in Sweden. Econ. Geol. 1984, 79, 1736–1748, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.79.7.1736.
[39]
Welin, E.; Christiansson, K.; K？hr, A-M. Isotopic investigations of metasedimentary and igneous rocks in the Palaeoproterozoic Bothnian basin, central Sweden. Geol. Soc. Stockh. Neg. 1993, 115, 285–296.
[40]
Johansson, ？. Composition of sphalerite in some Swedish Pb-Zn-bearing veins. In The Annual Report of the Ore Research Group; Lindblom, S., Ed.; Stockholm University: Stockholm, Sweden, 1983; pp. 117–150. ORG-83.
[41]
Stephens, M.B. Stratabound sulphide deposits in the Central Scandinavian Caledonides. In Proceeding of 7th IAGOD Symposium and Nordkalott Project Meeting Excursion Guide No.2; Sveriges Geologiska Unders？kning: Uppsala, Sweden, 1986.
[42]
Christofferson, H.C.; Wallin, B.; Selkman, S.; Rickard, D.T. Mineralisation controls in the sandstone lead-zinc deposit at Vassbo, Sweden. Econ. Geol. 1979, 74, 1239–1249, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.74.5.1239.
[43]
Sundblad, K.; Zachrisson, E.; Smeds, S.A.; Berglund, S.; ？linder, C. Sphalerite geobarometry and arsenopyrite geochemistry applied to metamorphosed sulfide ores in the Swedish Caledonides. Econ. Geol. 1984, 79, 1660–1668, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.79.7.1660.
[44]
Sundblad, K.; Stephens, M.B. Lead isotope systematics of strata-bound sulphide deposits in the higher nappe complexes of the Swedish Caledonides. Econ. Geol. 1983, 78, 1090–1107, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.78.6.1090.
[45]
Romer, R.L. Sandstone-hosted lead-zinc mineral deposits and their relation to the tectonic mobilization of the Baltic shield during the Caledonian orogeny—A reinterpretation. Miner. Petrol. 1992, 47, 67–85, doi:10.1007/BF01165298.
[46]
Sj？str？m, H.; Amcoff, ？.; Broman, C.; H？gdahl, K.; Rauséus, G. The Olden Window, Central Scandinavian Caledonides: Regional Structure and Local Sulphide Mineralisations in the Olden Area; Research Report of the Project “Replacement mineralisations Along the Storsj？n-Edsbyn Deformation Zone”. Geological Survey of Sweden: Uppsala, Sweden, 2004; Volume 4.
[47]
Lindblom, S. Textural and fluid inclusion evidence for ore deposition in the Pb-Zn deposit at Laisvall, Sweden. Econ. Geol. 1986, 81, 46–64, doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.81.1.46.
[48]
Grenne, T.; Ihlen, P.M.; Vokes, F.M. Scandinavian caledonide metallogeny in a plate tectonic perspective. Miner. Depos. 1999, 34, 422–471, doi:10.1007/s001260050215.
[49]
Sherlock, S.C.; Lucks, T.; Kelly, S.P.; Barnicoat, A. A high resolution record of multiple diagenetic events: Ultraviolet laser microprobe Ar/Ar analysis of zoned K-feldspar overgrowths. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 238, 329–341.
[50]
Andersen, T.; Taylor, P.N. Pb isotope geochemistry of the Fen carbonatite complex, S.E. Norway: Age and petrogenetic implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1988, 52, 209–215, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(88)90069-5.
[51]
Andersen, T. Sr, Nd and Pb isotope data of the Aln？ carbonatite complex. In Proceedings of 22nd Nordic Geological Winter Meeting, Turku, Finland, 1996; Abstract, p. 11.
[52]
Meert, J.G.; Walderhaug, H.J.; Torsvik, T.H.; Hendriks, B.W.H. Age and paleomagnetic signature of the Aln？ carbonatite complex (NE Sweden): Additional controversy for the Neoproterozoic paleoposition of Baltica. Prec. Res. 2007, 154, 159–174, doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2006.12.008.
[53]
Kumpulainen, R.; Nystuen, J.P. Late Proterozoic basin evolution and sedimentation in the westernmost part of Baltoscandia. In The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and Related Areas; Gee, D.G., Sturt, B.A., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons Ltd: Chicheste, UK, 1985; pp. 213–232.
Leach, D.L.; Sangster, D.; Kelley, K.; Large, R.R.; Garven, G.; Allen, C.; Gutzmer, J.; Walters, S. Sediment-hosted lead-zinc deposits: A global perspective. Econ. Geol. 2005, 100th Anniversary, 561–607.
[56]
Leach, D.L.; Bradley, D.; Lewchuk, M.T.; Symons, D.T.A.; de Marsily, G.; Brannon, J. Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits through geological time: Implications from recent age-dating research. Miner. Depos. 2001, 36, 711–740, doi:10.1007/s001260100208.
[57]
Vearncombe, J.R.; Chisnall, A.W.; Dentith, M.C.; D？rling, S.L.; Rayner, M.J.; Holyland, P.W. Structural controls on Mississippi Valley type mineralization, the southeast Lennard shelf, Western Australia. In Carbonate-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits; Sangster, D.F., Ed.; Society of Economic Geologists: Littleton, CO, USA, 1996; Volume 4, pp. 74–95.
[58]
Symons, D.T.A.; Symons, T.B.; Sangster, D.F. Paleomagnetism of the society cliffs dolostone and the age of the Nanisivik zinc deposits, Baffin Island, Canada. Mineral. Depos. 2000, 36, 412–459.
[59]
Muchez, P.; Heijlen, W.; Banks, D.; Blundell, D.R.; Boni, M.; Grandia, F. Extensional tectonics and the timing and formation of basin-hosted deposits in Europe. In Geodynamic and Ore Deposit Evolution in Europe; Blundell, D.R., Arndt, N., Cobbold, P.R., Eds.; Gulf Professional Publishing: Oxford, UK, 2005; Volume 27, pp. 242–267.
[60]
Drew, G.J.; Both, R.A. The carbonate-hosted silver-lead deposits of the Ediacara mineral field, South Australia: Petrological, fluid inclusion and sulphur isotope studies. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 1984, 31, 177–201.
[61]
Cotter, S.J.; Moore, C.L.; Taylor, G.; Prince, K.E. Isotopic constraints on large-scale Sedex or MVT mineralization within the Cambrian carbonate cover sequences, northwest Qld. In Regolith and Landscapes in Eastern Australia; Roach, I.C., Ed.; CRC LEME: Canberra, Australia, 2002; pp. 14–16.
