URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN ZIMBABWE: A HUMAN SETTLEMENT PERSPECTIVE

This paper examines and analyses the historical development of Zimbabwean towns and cities with a view totracing and understanding policy directions, urban spatial development trends and other factors such aspopulation dynamics that may have led to the development of the present-day urban settlements in the country.The paper observes that whilst pre-colonial cities existed during the golden age of the Munhumutapa dynasty andempire, these had no influence on the modern town and city because they were too distant and their experienceshad long been lost by the time the colonial town was introduced in the country, some four centuries later.Furthermore the paper observes that whilst policy may easily be changed or even reversed, it is a nearimpossibility to do the same with the spatial physical developments such as buildings and infrastructure – roads,water reticulation, sewerage reticulation and treatment works, railway lines, telecommunication lines and powerlines. As a result of these realities the form and structure of our cities has remained to a large extent as originallyconceived, designed and developed with perhaps some cosmetic changes in the form of redevelopments anddensification of certain sectors or areas and sprawling expansion. This has also led to the many challenges ofurban poverty, inadequate housing, inadequate provision of serves (potable clean water, energy, and garbagecollection) and environmental quality - issues of pollution- the towns and cities are grappling with today typified byHarare and Chitungwiza, which are sited upstream of their water supply sources and as a result pollute them. Thepaper also notes that the socio-economic policies and political expedience by both the colonial and independentgovernments have had significant impacts on the morphology (shape, structure and population distribution) oftowns and cities of Zimbabwe.