Evolutionary dynamics of human autoimmune disease genes and malfunctioned immunological genes

Here, we examined the fundamental differences between the genes which on mutation give rise to autoimmune or other immune system related diseases and the immunological genes that do not cause any disease phenotypes. Although the disease genes examined are analogous to non-disease genes in product, expression, function, and pathway affiliation, a statistically significant decrease in evolutionary rate has been found in autoimmune disease genes relative to all other immune related diseases and non-disease genes. Possible ways of accumulation of mutation in the three steps of the central dogma (DNA-mRNA-Protein) have been studied to trace the mutational effects predisposed to disease consequence and acquiring higher selection pressure. Principal Component Analysis and Multivariate Regression Analysis have established the predominant role of single nucleotide polymorphisms in guiding the evolutionary rate of immunological disease and non-disease genes followed by m-RNA abundance, paralogs number, fraction of phosphorylation residue, alternatively spliced exon, protein residue burial and protein disorder.Our study provides an empirical insight into the etiology of autoimmune disease genes and other immunological diseases. The immediate utility of our study is to help in disease gene identification and may also help in medicinal improvement of immune related disease.The knowledge gleaned from several in silico studies has facilitated in understanding the variability of evolutionary patterns in gene classes that can illuminate their inherent characteristics. In particular, studies on the functional and evolutionary attributes of human immune system have attained a major focus since it is an orchestra of various defense mechanisms whereby human body maintains functional and organizational integrity against foreign encroachment. The evolutionary history of insects, chicken and mammals indicates that the majority of immune response genes are subjected to positive selection th