"Estranging Exteriority": translation and adaptation in Irish drama

This paper tests Nicholas Grene's theory that Irish drama is "...outerdirected, created as much to be viewed from outside as well as inside Ireland" to see whether it holds true for Irish language theatre. Starting with three plays written first in the Irish language: Brendan Behan's An Giall (The Hostage), Máiréad Ní Ghráda's An Triail (The Trial: a Play) and Antoine ó Flatharta's Grásta I Meiriceá (Grace in America), the paper will examine the authors' English versions of the plays to see whether they were literal translations, adaptations or transformation. If the English version were adaptations or transformations, what kinds of artistic, cultural or linguistic choices did the playwrights make to make "the otherness of Ireland" more accessible to their English readers and audiences?