Citrus contains nutrients and phytochemicals that may be beneficial for health. We collected citrus production and consumption data and estimated the amount of these compounds that are consumed. We then compared the amounts of citrus and citrus-derived compounds used in studies that suggest a health benefit to the amounts typically found in citrus. Data is scarce, but suggests that citrus consumption might improve indices of antioxidant status, and possibly cardiovascular health and insulin sensitivity.
References
[1]
Fresh Citrus Report. Available online: http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/horticulture/citrus/fresh_citrus_report (accessed on 14 October 2012).
[2]
Ortiz, J.M. Botany. In Citrus: The Genus Citrus; Dugo, G., Di Giacomo, A., Eds.; Taylor and Francis: New York, NY, USA, 2002; pp. 16–35.
[3]
Radhika, G.; Sudha, V.; Sathya, R.M.; Ganesan, A.; Mohan, V. Association of fruit and vegetable intake with cardiovascular risk factors in urban South Indians. Brit. J. Nutr. 2008, 99, 398–405.
[4]
Boeing, H.; Bechthold, A.; Bub, A.; Ellinger, S.; Haller, D.; Kroke, A.; Leschik-Bonnet, E.; Mueller, M.J.; Oberritter, H.; Schulze, M.; Stehle, P.; Watzl, B. Critical review: Vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. Eur. J. Nutr. 2012, 51, 637–663, doi:10.1007/s00394-012-0380-y.
[5]
Codo?er-Franch, P.; Valls-Bellés, V. Citrus as Functional foods. Curr. T. Nutraceut. Res. 2010, 8, 173–183.
[6]
Food Availability (Per Capita) Data System, Nutrient Availability. US Deparment of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Available online: http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-availability-%28per-capita%29-data-system.aspx#26705 (accessed on 17 October 2012).
[7]
FAOSTAT, Production Crops. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: http://faostat3.fao.org/home/index.html#VISUALIZE (accessed on 5 October 2012).
[8]
Global prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in populations at risk 1995–2005: WHO global database on vitamin A deficiency. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switerzland, 2009. Available online: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598019_eng.pdf (accessed on 18 October 2012).
[9]
Guidelines on Food Fortification with Micronutrients; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switerzland, 2006.
[10]
Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switerzland, 2004.
[11]
FAO Food Supply Crops Primary Equivalent. Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online: http://faostat.fao.org/site/609/default.aspx#ancor (accessed on 18 October 2012).
[12]
Plattner, K.; Perez, A. Fruit and Tree Nuts Outlook: Total Citrus Production Slightly Down in 2011/12. US Deparment of Agriculture, Economic Resource Service. Available online: http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/468106/fts351.pdf (accessed on 10 October 2012).
[13]
Loss-Adjusted Food Availability, Fruit. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Available online: http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-availability-%28per-capita%29-data-system.aspx#26705 (accessed on 17 October 2012).
[14]
Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2006.
[15]
National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 24. US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service. Available online: http://www.ars.usda.gov/nutrientdata (accessed on 14 October 2012).
[16]
USDA-NCC Carotenoid Database for US Foods—1998. US Department of Agriculture, ARS Nutrient Data Laboratory. Available online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/car98/car98.html (accessed on 19 October 2012).
[17]
Yano, M.; Kato, M.; Ikoma, Y.; Kawasaki, A.; Fukazawa, Y.; Sugiura, M.; Matsumoto, H.; Oohara, Y.; Nagao, A.; Ogawa, K. Quantitation of carotenoids in raw and processed fruits in Japan. Food Sci. Technol. Res. 2005, 11, 13–18, doi:10.3136/fstr.11.13.
[18]
Nagy, S. Vitamin C contents of citrus fruit and their products: a review. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1980, 28, 8–18, doi:10.1021/jf60227a026.
[19]
Carotenoids and Food Preparation: The Retention of Provitamin A Carotenoids in Prepared, Processed and Stored Foods; OMNI Project: Campinas, Brazil, 1997.
[20]
Fraser, P.D.; Bramley, P.M. The biosynthesis and nutritional uses of carotenoids. Prog. Lipid Res. 2004, 43, 228–265, doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2003.10.002.
[21]
Meister, A. Glutathione ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J. Biol. Chem. 1994, 269, 9397–9400.
[22]
Palacios, C. The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 2006, 46, 621–628, doi:10.1080/10408390500466174.
[23]
Wintergerst, E.S.; Maggini, S.; Hornig, D.H. Immune-enhancing role of vitamin C and zinc and effect on clinical conditions. Ann. Nutr. Meta. 2006, 50, 85–94, doi:10.1159/000090495.
[24]
Chappell, L.C.; Seed, P.T.; Briley, A.L.; Kelly, F.J.; Lee, R.; Hunt, B.J.; Parmar, K.; Bewley, S.J.; Shennan, A.H.; Steer, P.J.; Poston, L. Effect of antioxidants on the occurrence of pre-eclampsia in women at increased risk: A randomised trial. Lancet 1999, 354, 810–816.
[25]
Szeto, Y.T.; Tomlinson, B.; Benzie, I.F.F. Total antioxidant and ascorbic acid content of fresh fruits and vegetables: implications for dietary planning and food preservation. Brit. J. Nutr. 2002, 87, 55–59, doi:10.1079/BJN2001483.
[26]
Sánchez-Moreno, C.; Cano, M.P.; de Ancos, B.; Plaza, L.; Olmedilla, B.; Granado, F.; Martín, A. Effect of orange juice intake on vitamin C concentrations and biomarkers of antioxidant status in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 78, 454–460.
[27]
Johnston, C.S.; Dancho, C.L.; Strong, G.M. Orange juice ingestion and supplemental vitamin C are equally effective at reducing plasma lipid peroxidation in healthy adult women. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 2003, 22, 519–523.
[28]
What We Eat in America. US Department of Agriculture, ARS. Available online: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=18349 (accessed on 7 October 2012).
[29]
Schleicher, R.L.; Carroll, M.D.; Ford, E.S.; Lacher, D.A. Serum vitamin C and the prevalence of vitamin C deficiency in the United States: 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90, 1252–1263, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27016.
[30]
Allen, L.H. Multiple micronutrients in pregnancy and lactation: an overview. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 1206–1212.
[31]
Daneel-Otterbech, S.; Davidsson, L.; Hurrell, R. Ascorbic acid supplementation and regular consumption of fresh orange juice increase the ascorbic acid content of human milk: Studies in European and African lactating women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 1088–1093.
[32]
Frei, B.; Birlouez-Aragon, I.; Lykkesfeldt, J. Authors’ perspective: What is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans? Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 2012, 52, 815–829, doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.649149.
[33]
Britton, G. Structure and properties of carotenoids in relation to function. FASEB J. 1995, 9, 1551–1558.
[34]
Khachik, F.; Spangler, C.J.; Smith, J.C.; Canfield, L.M.; Steck, A.; Pfander, H. Identification, quantification, and relative concentrations of carotenoids and their metabolites in human milk and serum. Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1873–1881, doi:10.1021/ac961085i.
Uchiyama, S.; Yamaguchi, M. Inhibitory effect of [beta]-cryptoxanthin on osteoclast-like cell formation in mouse marrow cultures. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2004, 67, 1297–1305, doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2003.11.011.
[39]
Sahni, S.; Hannan, M.T.; Blumberg, J.; Cupples, L.A.; Kiel, D.P.; Tucker, K.L. Protective Effect of total carotenoid and lycopene Intake on the risk of hip fracture: A 17-year follow-up from the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2009, 24, 1086–1094, doi:10.1359/jbmr.090102.
[40]
Stahl, W.; Nicolai, S.; Briviba, K.; Hanusch, M.; Broszeit, G.; Peters, M.; Martin, H.D.; Sies, H. Biological activities of natural and synthetic carotenoids: induction of gap junctional communication and singlet oxygen quenching. Carcinogenesis 1997, 18, 89–92.
[41]
Snodderly, D. Evidence for protection against age-related macular degeneration by carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1995, 62, 1448–1461.
[42]
Seddon, J.M.; Ajani, U.A.; Sperduto, R.D.; Hiller, R.; Blair, N.; Burton, T.C.; Farber, M.D.; Gragoudas, E.S.; Haller, J.; Miller, D.T.; et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1994, 272, 1413–1420, doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520180037032.
[43]
Petro, R.; Doll, R.; Buckley, J.D.; Sporn, M.B. Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates? Nature 1981, 290, 201–208, doi:10.1038/290201a0.
[44]
Gallicchio, L.; Boyd, K.; Matanoski, G.; Tao, X.; Chen, L.; Lam, T.K.; Shiels, M.; Hammond, E.; Robinson, K.A.; Caulfield, L.E.; Herman, J.G.; Guallar, E.; Alberg, A.J. Carotenoids and the risk of developing lung cancer: A systematic review. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 88, 372–383.
[45]
Nishino, H.; Murakoshi, M.; Tokuda, H.; Satomi, Y. Cancer prevention by carotenoids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2009, 483, 165–168.
[46]
Russell, R.M. The vitamin A spectrum: from deficiency to toxicity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71, 878–884.
[47]
Penniston, K.L.; Tanumihardjo, S.A. The acute and chronic toxic effects of vitamin A. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83, 191–201.
[48]
Castenmiller, J.J.M.; West, C.E. Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 1998, 18, 19–38, doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.19.
[49]
De Pee, S.; West, C.E.; Permaesih, D.; Martuti, S.; Muhilal; Hautvast, J.G. range fruit is more effective than are dark-green, leafy vegetables in increasing serum concentrations of retinol and beta-carotene in schoolchildren in Indonesia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 68, 1058–1067.
[50]
Arscott, S.A.; Howe, J.A.; Davis, C.R.; Tanumihardjo, S.A. Carotenoid profiles in provitamin A-containing fruits and vegetables affect the bioefficacy in Mongolian gerbils. Exp. Biol. Med. 2010, 235, 839–848, doi:10.1258/ebm.2010.009216.
[51]
Burri, B.; Chang, J.; Neidlinger, T. Beta-cryptoxanthin- and alpha-carotene-rich foods have greater apparent bioavailability than beta-carotene-rich foods in Western diets. Brit. J. Nutr. 2011, 105, 212–219, doi:10.1017/S0007114510003260.
[52]
Turner, T. Pro-vitamin A Carotenoids: Aspects of the Biology, Chemical Analysis, and Utilization of Foods for Improving Public Health. Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Davis, CA, USA, 2012.
[53]
Burri, B.J.; Chang, J.S.; Turner, T. Citrus can help prevent vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. Calif. Agr. 2011, 65, 130–135, doi:10.3733/ca.v065n03p130.
[54]
Green, N.S. Folic acid supplementation and prevention of birth defects. J. Nutr. 2002, 132, 2356–2360.
[55]
hrvik, V.; Witth?ft, C. Orange juice is a good folate source in respect to folate content and stability during storage and simulated digestion. Eur. J. Nutr. 2008, 47, 92–98, doi:10.1007/s00394-008-0701-3.
[56]
Kurowska, E.M.; Spence, J.D.; Jordan, J.; Wetmore, S.; Freeman, D.J.; Piché, L.A.; Serratore, P. HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 72, 1095–1100.
[57]
Brown, L.; Rosner, B.; Willett, W.W.; Sacks, F.M. Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: A meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 69, 30–42.
[58]
Dikeman, C.L.; Fahey, G.C. Viscosity as related to dietary fiber: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 2006, 46, 649–663, doi:10.1080/10408390500511862.
[59]
Economos, C.; Clay, W. Nutritional and health benefits of citrus fruits. Food and Agriculture Organization. Available online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/X2650T/X2650t03.pdf (accessed on 1 October 2012).
[60]
Rock, C.L.; Swendseid, M.E. Plasma beta-carotene response in humans after meals supplemented with dietary pectin. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1992, 55, 96–99.
[61]
Riedl, J.; Linseisen, J.; Hoffmann, J.; Wolfram, G. Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women. J. Nutr. 1999, 129, 2170–2176.
[62]
Brouns, F.; Theuwissen, E.; Adam, A.; Bell, M.; Berger, A.; Mensink, R.P. Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012, 66, 591–599, doi:10.1038/ejcn.2011.208.
[63]
Tripoli, E.; Guardia, M.L.; Giammanco, S.; Majo, D.D.; Giammanco, M. Citrus flavonoids: Molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: A review. Food Chem. 2007, 104, 466–479, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.054.
[64]
Manach, C.; Scalbert, A.; Morand, C.; Rémésy, C.; Jiménez, L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79, 727–747.
[65]
Peterson, J.; Dwyer, J. Flavonoids: Dietary occurrence and biochemical activity. Nutr. Res. 1998, 18, 1995–2018, doi:10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00169-9.
[66]
Bhagwat, S.; Haytowitz, D.B.; Holden, J.M. USDA Database for the Flavanoid Content of Selected Foods Release 3. US Deparment of Agriculture, ARS. Available online: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Flav/flav.pdf (accessed on 5 October 2012).
[67]
Manach, C.; Williamson, G.; Morand, C.; Scalbert, A.; Rémésy, C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81, 230S–242S.
Jeon, S.-M.; Kim, H.K.; Kim, H.-J.; Do, G.-M.; Jeong, T.-S.; Park, Y.B.; Choi, M.-S. Hypocholesterolemic and antioxidative effects of naringenin and its two metabolites in high-cholesterol fed rats. Transl. Res. 2007, 149, 15–21, doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2006.08.001.
[70]
Habauzit, V.; Sacco, S.M.; Gil-Izquierdo, A.; Trzeciakiewicz, A.; Morand, C.; Barron, D.; Pinaud, S.; Offord, E.; Horcajada, M.-N. Differential effects of two citrus flavanones on bone quality in senescent male rats in relation to their bioavailability and metabolism. Bone 2011, 49, 1108–1116, doi:10.1016/j.bone.2011.07.030.
[71]
Horcajada, M.N.; Habauzit, V.; Trzeciakiewicz, A.; Morand, C.; Gil-Izquierdo, A.; Mardon, J.; Lebecque, P.; Davicco, M.J.; Chee, W.S.S.; Coxam, V.; et al. Hesperidin inhibits ovariectomized-induced osteopenia and shows differential effects on bone mass and strength in young and adult intact rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 2008, 104, 648–654, doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00441.2007.
[72]
Selma, M.V.; Espín, J.C.; Tomás-Barberán, F.A. Interaction between phenolics and gut microbiota: role in human health. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 6485–6501, doi:10.1021/jf902107d.
[73]
Vallejo, F.; Larrosa, M.; Escudero, E.; Zafrilla, M.P.; Cerdá, B.A.; Boza, J.; García-Conesa, M.T.; Espín, J.C.; Tomás-Barberán, F.A. Concentration and solubility of flavanones in orange beverages affect their bioavailability in humans. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 6516–6524, doi:10.1021/jf100752j.
[74]
Rizza, S.; Muniyappa, R.; Iantorno, M.; Kim, J.-A.; Chen, H.; Pullikotil, P.; Senese, N.; Tesauro, M.; Lauro, D.; Cardillo, C.; Quon, M.J. Citrus polyphenol hesperidin stimulates production of nitric oxide in endothelial cells while improving endothelial function and reducing inflammatory markers in patients with metabolic syndrome. J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. 2011, 96, E782–E792, doi:10.1210/jc.2010-2879.
[75]
Zamora-Ros, R.; Knaze, V.; Luján-Barroso, L.; Slimani, N.; Romieu, I.; Fedirko, V.; Santucci de Magistris, M.; Ericson, U.; Amiano, P.; Trichopoulou, A.; et al. Estimated dietary intakes of flavonols, flavanones and flavones in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) 24 hour dietary recall cohort. Brit. J. Nutr. 2011, 106, 1915–1925, doi:10.1017/S000711451100239X.
[76]
Knekt, P.; Kumpulainen, J.; J?rvinen, R.; Rissanen, H.; Heli?vaara, M.; Reunanen, A.; Hakulinen, T.; Aromaa, A. Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 76, 560–568.
[77]
Welch, A.; MacGregor, A.; Jennings, A.; Fairweather-Tait, S.; Spector, T.; Cassidy, A. Habitual flavonoid intakes are positively associated with bone mineral density in women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2012, 27, 1872–1878, doi:10.1002/jbmr.1649.
[78]
Maras, J.E.; Talegawkar, S.A.; Qiao, N.; Lyle, B.; Ferrucci, L.; Tucker, K.L. Flavonoid intakes in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2011, 24, 1103–1109, doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2011.04.007.
[79]
Manners, G.D. Citrus limonoids: Analysis, bioactivity, and biomedical prospect. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 8285–8294, doi:10.1021/jf071797h.
[80]
Silalahi, J. Anticancer and health protective properties of citrus fruit components. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 11, 79–84, doi:10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00271.x.
[81]
Chidambara Murthy, K.N.; Jayaprakasha, G.K.; Patil, B.S. Apoptosis mediated cytotoxicity of citrus obacunone in human pancreatic cancer cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 2011, 25, 859–867, doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2011.02.006.
[82]
Chidambara Murthy, K.N.; Jayaprakasha, G.K.; Kumar, V.; Rathore, K.S.; Patil, B.S. Citrus Limonin and its glucoside inhibit colon adenocarcinoma cell proliferation through apoptosis. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 2314–2323.
[83]
Lam, L.K.T.; Zhang, J.; Hasegawa, S. Citrus limonoid reduction of chemically-induced tumorigensis. Food Technol. 1994, 48, 104–108.
[84]
Battinelli, L.; Mengoni, F.; Lichtner, M.; Mazzanti, G.; Saija, A.; Mastroianni, C.M.; Vullo, V. Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human mononuclear cells. Planta Med. 2003, 69, 910–913, doi:10.1055/s-2003-45099.
[85]
Astani, A.; Reichling, J.; Schnitzler, P. Antiviral activity of monoterpene components of essential oils against Herpes Simplex virus. Antivir. Res. 2009, 82, A46.
[86]
Vikram, A.; Jesudhasan, P.R.; Jayaprakasha, G.K.; Pillai, S.D.; Patil, B.S. Citrus limonoids interfere with Vibrio harveyi cell-cell signalling and biofilm formation by modulating the response regulator LuxO. Microbiology SGM 2011, 157, 99–110, doi:10.1099/mic.0.041228-0.
[87]
Ramful, D.; Tarnus, E.; Aruama, O.I.; Bourdon, E.; Bahorun, T. Polyphenolic composition, vitamin C content, and antioxidant capacity of Mauritian citrus fruit pulps. Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 2088–2099, doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.03.056.
[88]
Aruoma, O.I.; Landes, B.; Ramful-Baboolall, D.; Bourdon, E.; Neergheen-Bhujun, V.; Wagner, K.H.; Bahorun, T. Functional benefits of citrus fruits in the management of diabetes. Prevent. Med. 2012, 54, S12–S16, doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.02.012.
[89]
Sun, J.; Chu, Y.-F.; Wu, X.; Liu, R.H. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 7449–7454, doi:10.1021/jf0207530.
[90]
Harats, D.; Chevion, S.; Nahir, M.; Norman, Y.; Sagee, O.; Berry, E.M. Citrus fruit supplementation reduces lipoprotein oxidation in young men ingesting a diet high in saturated fat: Presumptive evidence for an interaction between vitamins C and E in vivo. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1998, 67, 240–245.
[91]
Ghanim, H.; Sia, C.L.; Upadhyay, M.; Korzeniewski, K.; Viswanathan, P.; Abuaysheh, S.; Mohanty, P.; Dandona, P. Orange juice neutralizes the proinflammatory effect of a high-fat, high-carbohydrate meal and prevents endotoxin increase and Toll-like receptor expression. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 91, 940–949, doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28584.
[92]
Codo?er-Franch, P.; López-Jaén, A.B.; De La Mano-Hernández, A.; Sentandreu, E.; Simó-Jordá, R.; Valls-Bellés, V. Oxidative markers in children with severe obesity following low-calorie diets supplemented with mandarin juice. Acta P?diatr. 2010, 99, 1841–1846, doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01903.x.
[93]
Devaraj, S.; Jialal, I.; Vega-Lopez, S. Plant sterol-fortified orange juice effectively lowers cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic healthy individuals. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004, 24, E25–E28, doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000120784.08823.99.
[94]
Franke, A.A.; Cooney, R.V.; Henning, S.M.; Custer, L.J. Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of orange juice components in humans. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 5170–5178, doi:10.1021/jf050054y.
[95]
Titta, L.; Trinei, M.; Stendardo, M.; Berniakovich, I.; Petroni, K.; Tonelli, C.; Riso, P.; Porrini, M.; Minucci, S.; Pelicci, P.G.; Rapisarda, P.; Recupero, G.R.; Giorgio, M. Blood orange juice inhibits fat accumulation in mice. Int. J. Obes. 2010, 34, 578–588, doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.266.
[96]
Salamone, F.; Volti, G.L.; Titta, L.; Puzzo, L.; Barbagallo, I.; La Delia, F.; Zelber-Sagi, S.; Malaguarnera, M.; Pelicci, P.G.; Giorgio, M.; Galvano, F. Moro orange juice prevents fatty liver in mice. World J. Gastroenterol. 2012, 18, 3862–3868, doi:10.3748/wjg.v18.i29.3862.
[97]
González-Molina, E.; Domínguez-Perles, R.; Moreno, D.A.; García-Viguera, C. Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 51, 327–345, doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.027.
[98]
Seyoum, E.; Selhub, J. Properties of food folates determined by stability and susceptibility to intestinal pteroylpolyglutamate hydrolase action. J. Nutr. 1998, 128, 1956–1960.
[99]
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 7th ed.; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 2010.
[100]
Citrus Fruits 1999 Summary. US Deparment of Agriculture: National Agriculture Statistics Servic. Available online: http://usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/nass/CitrFrui//1990s/1999/CitrFrui-09-23-1999.pdf (accessed on 5 October 2012).
[101]
Citrus Fruits 2012 Summary. US Department of Agriculture: National Agriculture Statistics Service. Available online: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1031 (accessed on 5 October 2012).
[102]
Citrus: World Markets and Trade. US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agriculture Service. Available online: http://usda01.library.cornell.edu/usda/current/citruswm/citruswm-07-26-2012.pdf (accessed on 7 October 2012).
[103]
Spreen, T.H. Projections of World Production and Consumption of Citrus to 2010. In Proceedings of the China/FAO Citrus Symposium, Beijing, China, 14–17 May 2001.