Update on vaccine development for renal cell cancer

Nina Chi1, Jodi K Maranchie2,3, Leonard J Appleman3,4, Walter J Storkus1,3,51Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; 2Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; 3University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; 4Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; 5Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USAAbstract: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains a significant health concern that frequently presents as metastatic disease at the time of initial diagnosis. Current first-line therapeutics for the advanced-stage RCC include antiangiogenic drugs that have yielded high rates of objective clinical response; however, these tend to be transient in nature, with many patients becoming refractory to chronic treatment with these agents. Adjuvant immunotherapies remain viable candidates to sustain disease-free and overall patient survival. In particular, vaccines designed to optimize the activation, maintenance, and recruitment of specific immunity within or into the tumor site continue to evolve. Based on the integration of increasingly refined immunomonitoring systems in both translational models and clinical trials, allowing for the improved understanding of treatment mechanism(s) of action, further refined (combinational) vaccine protocols are currently being developed and evaluated. This review provides a brief history of RCC vaccine development, discusses the successes and limitations in such approaches, and provides a rationale for developing combinational vaccine approaches that may provide improved clinical benefits to patients with RCC.Keywords: renal cell carcinoma, vaccines, immunotherapy, combinational therapy, cellular immunity