Neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)- a review

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) does not have a single underlying pathophysiology which seems it has a multifaceted etiology. There are various contributing factors for ADHD, environmental and genetic being few of them. This neurobiological disorder has been a result of continuous actions of the risk factors. Neuroimaging study has indicated that children suffering from ADHD had immature brains compared to other children. This has pointed towards the fact that the Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia and the Prefrontal cortex parts of the brain are predominantly affected. The pharmacological & neuroimaging studies implicated that the dysregulation of the neuronal pathways of the Neurotransmitters (Dopamine and Norepinephrine) being primarily responsible for ADHD. The principal treatment procedure involves Pharmacotherapy (Medication) and other effective Psychotherapy (Psychopharmacological methods) for ADHD. Presently immediate release Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Coencerta) has been clinically approved for the diagnosis of ADHD. The psychotherapy evolves self-consciousness of sensory and cognitive thinking strengths and blind spots deliver some respite and enhanced enactment. The pharmacotherapy should strategize complete treatment plan including behavioural and educational aspects.