Corrosion behaviour of cast iron and low alloy steel in cocoa liquor and well water was investigated. The average weight losses of the specimens were measured using digital weighing balance. The results showed that the weight losses of both cast iron and low alloy steel in both media increases with time. Corrosion rate of cast iron in cocoa liquor increases rapidly with time for up to 336 hours (1000 μm/yr), but in well water the rapid rate of corrosion only lasted up to 187 hours (1160 μm/yr) thereafter it continuously dropping until 264 hours (667 μm/yr) after which it remains constant. Low alloy steel corroded faster in cocoa liquor up to 264 hours (200 μm/yr), whereas the initial rapid corrosion rate only lasted up to 168 hours (180 μm/yr) in well water environment. The results revealed that low alloy steel exhibited better corrosion resistance in both media, with cocoa liquor been more aggressive. Thus, low alloy steel will be a better material for piping and pumping system in cocoa processing industries.
References
[1]
G. J. Kirmeyer, W. Richards and C. D. Smith, “An Assessment of Water Distribution Systems and Associated Research Needs,” American Water Works Association Research Foundation (90658), Denver, 1994.
[2]
B. Rajani and S. McDonald, “Water Mains Break Data on Different Pipe Materials for 1992 and 1993,” Report No. A-7019.1, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1995.
[3]
E. P. Degarmo, J. T. Black and R. A. Kohser, “Materials and Processes in Manufacturing,” 9th Edition, Wiley, Hoboken, 2003.
[4]
R. E. Morris Jr., “Principal Causes and Remedies of Water Main Breaks,” Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 59, No. 7, 1967, p. 782.
[5]
B. Rajani, C. Zhan and S. Kuraoka, “Pipe-Soil Interaction Analysis of Jointed Water Mains,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3. 1996, pp. 393-404.
doi:10.1139/t96-061
[6]
D. K. O’Day, R. Weiss, S. Chiavari and D. Blair, “Water Main Evaluation for Rehabilitation/Replacement,” American Water Works Association Research Foundation (90509), Denver, 1986.
[7]
T. G. Oakwood, “Corrosion of Wrought Low-Alloy Steels,” Corrosion: Materials, ASM Metal Handbook, Volume 13B, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 2005, pp. 11-27.
[8]
U. R. Evans, “The Corrosion and Oxidation of Metals: Scientific Principles and Practical Applications,” Edward Arnold, London, 1960, p. 272.
[9]
J. Makar and B. Rajani, “Gray Cast Iron Water Pipe Metallurgy,” ASCE Journal of Construction Materials, Vol. 12, 2000, pp. 245-253.
[10]
J. A. Jakobs, “Underground Corrosion of Water Pipes in Canadian Cities—Case: The City of Calgary, Final Report,” Caproco Corrosion Prevention Ltd., (CANMET Contract Report No. 0SQ81-00096, Canadian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. Canadian Government Publishing Centre), Ottawa, 1985,
[11]
R. P. Lee, “Systemized Failure Analysis—Some Unusual Failure Modes,” Chemical Engineering, Vol. 84, No. 1, 1977, pp. 107-108.
[12]
G. E. Arnold, “Experience with Main Breaks in Four Large Cities—Philadelphia,” Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 52, No. 8, 1960, p. 1041.
[13]
P. J. De Rose and R. W. Parkinson, “Corrosion of Ductile Iron Pipe,” Report TR241, WRc Engineering, Water Research Centre, Swindon, 1985.
[14]
J. H. Fitzgerald, “Corrosion as a Primary Cause of Cast-Iron Main Breaks,” Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 60, No. 8, 1968, p. 882.
[15]
M. Romanoff, “Exterior Corrosion of Cast-Iron Pipe,” Journal of the American Water Works Association, Vol. 56, No. 9, 1964, p. 1129.
[16]
M. Zamanzadeh, et al., “Analysis of Failures in Water Mains,” Materials Protection, 1990, pp. 50-53.
[17]
J. J. Synder, “Failures of Iron Castings,” ASM (American Society for Metals) Metals Handbook, 9th Edition, Vol. 11, Failure Analysis, Metals Park, Ohio, 1986.
[18]
J. Q. Zhao, “McMaster Avenue Watermain Failure Final Assessment Report,” CH2M Gore and Storrie Limited, Consulting Engineers, Toronto, 1996.
[19]
A. Kottmann, “Pipe Damage Due to Air Pockets in Low Pressure Piping,” Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Water Pipeline Systems, Edinburgh, 24-26 May 1994, pp. 11-16.
[20]
B. Hou, Y. T. Li, Y. X. Li and J. Zhang, “Effect of Alloy Elements on the Anti-Corrosion Properties of Low Alloy Steel,” Bulletin of Materials Science, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2000, pp. 189-192. doi:10.1007/BF02719908
[21]
O. Ogundare, I. M. Momoh, O. J. Akinribide, A. R. Adetunji, J. O. Borode, S. O. O. Olusunle and O. O. Adewoye, “Comparative Study of Corrosion Sensitivity of Selected Ferrous Metals in Crude Oil,” Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 6, 2012, pp. 559-568.
[22]
C. Vikas, G. G. Prema and G. R. Bhagure, “Corrosion of Water Pipes: A Comprehensive Study of Deposits,” Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 5, 2012, pp. 479-492.
[23]
M. A. Bodude, W. A. Ayoola, D. E. Esezobor and A. A. Agbeleye, “Corrosion-Wear of ST60-Mn Steel in Cassava Juice,” Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2012, pp.153-158.
[24]
O. O. Daramola, B. O. Adewuyi and I. O. Oladele, “Corrosion Behaviour of Heat Treated Rolled Medium Carbon Steel in Marine Environment,” Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 11, 2011, pp. 888-903.
[25]
P. R. Roberge, “Handbook of Corrosion Engineering,” McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.
[26]
G. Gedge, “Corrosion of Cast Iron in Potable Water Service. Process, Corrosion and Related Aspects of Materials for Potable Water Supplies,” Proceedings of the Institute of Materials Conference, London, 8-9 December 1992.